128 A HISTORY OF GARDENING IN ENGLAND. 



and perennial ; the snowflakes, which were classed with snow- 

 drops as " bulbous violets " ! and Ranunculus, " the crowfoot of 

 Illyria " (R. illyrius) and asiaticus, also Bachelor's buttons. 

 (R. plantanifolius flore-pleno and aconitifolius) , from the " Alpish 

 Mountains " ; sweet Sultan, the Centaurea moschata, Dictamus 

 Fraxinella ; Balsam impatiens ; some species of campanula, and 

 the bright Convolvulus minor (C. bicclor). 



Several new plants were introduced by the exertions of 

 some of the leading patrons of gardening. Lord Burghley and 

 Lord Carew were the first to try growing oranges in England. 

 Lord Salisbury employed Tradescant to procure new varieties of 

 fruit trees and other plants from abroad. Lord Zouche, also, 

 deserves a foremost place among the encouragers of horticulture. 

 He was the patron of Lobel, and had a fine Physic Garden at 

 Hackney, of which Lobel had the charge. Lord Zouche himself, 

 also brought back plants from abroad. Gerard mentions two in 

 particular. "The small Candy mustard," which grows in "Austria, 

 Candy, Spain and Italy," was brought by him on his return 

 "from those parts." Also the " Thorne apple," the seeds of 

 which he presented to Gerard. 



New plants, and new ideas about gardening, were also coming 

 in from France and the Low Countries, with the influx of 

 Protestant refugees. The Huguenots who came to this country 

 were representatives of almost every trade and craft, and 

 especially that of gardening, which greatly improved under the 

 influence of these new-comers, and members of that craft were 

 among those who took out Letters of Denization in 1544. Many 

 of these foreign gardeners settled about Sandwich, Colchester, 

 and Norwich, and greatly improved gardening in those districts. 

 Foreign gardeners were employed by several landowners in the 

 neighbourhood, to alter and lay out their gardens. In 1575, a 

 Dutch gardener was paid 33. 4d. for " his travayle from Norwich 

 to Hengrave to viewe ye orchards, gardyns and walks," 

 and 405. was also "paid to the Dutchman for clypping the 

 knotts, altering the alley?, setting the grounde, finding herbs 

 and bordering the same." * It was these foreigners, also, who 



* Huguenot Society. Walloons and their Church at Norwich. W. T. C. 

 Moens, 1887. 



