26 INTRODUCTION. 



purslain, running mallow, two or three kinds of veronica, the 

 malvinda (Sida?), mollngo, a tall species of amaranth, lamb's- 

 quarter (a species of Orach) , docks, and sorrel. The yellow Linaria, 

 the common English Hypericum, wild chamomile, Leucanthemum 

 or ox-eye daisy, mullein, Saponaria, dandelion, crow garlic, and 

 Scotch thistle were English weeds that had become very trouble- 

 some in the mowing fields and pastures. 1 



From a letter from Michael Collinson to John Bartram Feb. 25, 

 1773, we learn that American apples were, even at that early day, 

 exported to England in "great quantities." The crop of the 

 previous year had failed in England, owing to an unfavorable 

 spring ; but the American apples were found an admirable substi- 

 tute, though they were too expensive for common eating, being 

 sold for two, three, and even four pence each. Their flavor was, 

 however, said to be superior to any thing that could be produced in 

 England, and even to that of the apples of Italy. 2 



The next botanical garden, after that of Bartram, was estab- 

 lished in 1773, by his cousin, Humphry Marshall, at West Brad- 

 ford, Chester County, Penn., where he soon collected all the most 

 interesting trees of our country, together with many native herba- 

 ceous plants and many curious exotics, a large portion of which 

 yet survive. Many of the oaks, pines, and magnolias have at- 

 tained to a majestic altitude. Like Bartram, he corresponded and 

 exchanged with European cultivators, one of whom, Dr. Thomas 

 Parke, wrote to him on the 29th of April, 1795, desiring a collec- 

 tion of seeds of American forest trees for Sir John Menzies of 

 Scotland, and also a small assortment of apples, pears, and 

 peaches, of the best grafted or inoculated kinds, in trees of two or 

 three years old. It excites some surprise to learn that a sufficient 

 number of American varieties of these fruits existed at that time 

 to constitute even a small assortment. 8 



Marshall's example was followed by his friend and neighbor, 

 John Jackson, who in the j*ear 1777 commenced a highly interest- 

 ing collection of plants at his residence in Londongrove, which in 

 1849 was still preserved in good condition by his son, William 

 Jackson. About the year 1800 the brothers Joshua and Samuel 

 Peirce of East Marlborough, Penn., began to adorn their premises 



1 Darlington's Memorials, pp. 383-388. 



2 Ibid., p. 455. Apples were exported in 1741 from New England to the West Indies in 

 considerable abundance. Report of U. 8. Commissioner of Patents, 1853, p. 260. 



3 Darlington's Memorials, pp. 22, 531. 



