CAMPANULACEAE ii 



The flowers are small and situated at the origins of the branches. The foliose 

 calyx-teeth are as long as the corolla, which is cylindrical in shape with a widened 

 base, 6-7 mm. long and 3 mm. broad. Its colour is bluish-white with a bright-blue 

 limb. The five (sometimes only four) corolla-lobes are 2 mm. in length and some- 

 what spreading, so that the flower is about 5 mm. broad above. As the style is 4 mm. 

 long, its three branches spread out at the entrance of the flower. The dehiscence 

 of the bright-yellow anthers, and the secretion and protection of nectar are effected 

 as usual. In spite of the small size of the flowers automatic self-pollination does not 

 appear to take place. 



Visitors. Kirchner observed the honey-bee. 



1709. C. Rapunculus L. (Kirchner, ' Flora v. Stuttgart,' p. 653.) The con- 

 spicuous panicle of this species bears numerous flowers with blue funnel-shaped 

 corollas 20-5 mm. long, and pointed lobes 7-9 mm. in length. Towards the end of 

 anthesis the stylar branches roll back into spirals of i-ij turns, so that automatic 

 self-pollination can be effected should insect-visits fail. 



Visitors. Knuth observed the honey-bee and the humble-bee Bombus lapi- 

 darius Z. 5, both creeping right into the flowers, skg. and po-cltg. Schenck (Nassau) 

 saw the dasygastrid bee Eriades campanularum K. 



1710. C. persicifolia L. Kerner says that the stylar branches of this species 

 roll back into spirals of i|-2 turns. Warnstorf, on the other hand, states that at 

 a late stage they simply diverge, but do not become reflexed, so that autogamy is 

 excluded. The pollen-grains are yellowish-white in colour, spheroidal, beset with 

 small spinose tubercles, 31-5 ft in diameter. 



Visitors. Herm. Miiller (H. M.) for Westphalia and Thuringia, and Buddeberg 

 (Budd.) for Nassau, give the following list (Herm. Muller, ' Fertilisation,' p. 369, 

 'Weit. Beob.,' Ill, p. 78). 



A. Coleoptera. {a) CurcuUonidae : i. Gymnetron campanulae Z., freq. (H. M., 

 Thuringia). [b) Niiidulidae: 2. Meligethes sp., freq. (H. M., Thuringia). B. Hy- 

 menoptera. Apidae: 3. Chelostoma campanularum Z., J and }, po-cltg. and skg. 

 (H. M., Thuringia) ; 4. C. nigricorne Nyl. S and 5, skg. (H. M., Thuringia, Budd.) ; 

 5. Prosopis communis Nyl. 5 (Budd.); 6. P. confusa Nyl. $(Budd.); 7. P. hyalinata 

 Sm. % and 5 (H. M., Westphalia). C. Orthoptera. 8. Forticula auricularia Z. 

 (H. M., Westphalia). D. Thysanoptera. 9, Thripus, numerous (H. M., Thu- 

 ringia). 



The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. 

 Schmiedeknecht (Thuringia), the bee Andrena gwynana K., 2nd gen. Alfken 

 (Bremen), the bee Eriades nigricornis Nyl. }, skg. Knuth (Rugen), 2 bees (Andrena 

 gwynana K. 5, summer gen., and Eriades nigricornis Nyl. 5). Loew (Silesia), 2 bees 

 in the bases of the flowers Dasytes niger Z., nect-lkg., and Halictoides dentiventris 

 Nyl. J ('Beitrage,' pp. 34, 51). Schletterer (Tyrol), 2 bees CoUetes balteatus Nyl, 

 and Megachile (Chalicodoma) pyrenaica Lep. j. The latter is also recorded by von 

 Dalla Torre. 



1711. C. thyrsoides L. (Herm. Muller, ' Alpenblumen,' pp. 405-6.) In this 

 species the corolla-lobes and style are covered with hairs 3-5 mm. long, apparently 

 as a protection against small creeping insects. Automatic self-pollination is un- 

 doubtedly excluded. 



Visitors. Herm. Muller observed 3 Hymenoptera, 3 Lepidoptera, and a fly. 



