CAMPANULACEAE 9 



Herm. Miiller (Alps), 7 humble-bees, 2 other bees, and 3 Lepidoptera (' Alpen- 

 blumen,' pp. 403-4). Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), a Muscid (Pyrellia cadaverina 

 Z., resting on the outside of the corolla), and a bee (Apis mellifica Z. 5, skg. and 

 po-cltg.). 



1703. C. pusilla Haenke. (Kirchner, op. cit., p. 210.) Kirchner says that the 

 diverging stylar branches never become recurved, so that automatic self-pollination 

 can only take place by the fall of pollen upon the edges of the stigmas, and as the 

 flowers are pendulous this may sometimes happen. 



Visitors. Herm. Miiller (Alps), 2 flies, 4 humble-bees, 4 other bees, and 

 2 Lepidoptera (' Alpenblumen/ p. 403). 



1704. C. bononiensis L. (Warnstorf, Verh. hot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896; 

 Schulz, ' Beitrage.') Warnstorf says that in this species the yellowish anthers 

 generally shed their pollen on to the hairy style before the flower opens. Schulz 

 states that the 3 (rarely 4) short stylar branches diverge early and, as they remain 

 receptive and later on roll back spirally, often come into contact with the pollen 

 that still clings to the outside of the style. Warnstorf describes the pollen-grains 

 as whitish in colour, spheroidal, closely beset with low spinose tubercles, up to 44 /x. 

 in diameter. 



Visitors. The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities 

 stated. 



Herm. Muller (Thuringia) (' Fertilisation,' p. 368, ' Weit. Beob.' Ill, p. 78). 

 A. Coleoptera. {a) Curculionidae : i. Gymnetron campanulae Z., numerous. 

 {U) Nitidulidae: 2. Meligethes, numerous. B. Hymenoptera. Apt'dae: 3. Chelo- 

 stoma campanularum K. 5 and S, freq. ; 4. C. florisomne Z. 5 and J, in large 

 numbers ; 5. C. nigricorne Nyl. 5 and $ ; 6. Cilissa haemorrhoidalis F.t; 7. Halictus 

 flavipes F. 5. von Dalla Torre (Tyrol), the humble-bee Bombus agrorum F. } and 5 

 (also recorded by Schletterer). 



1705. C. rapunculoides L. (Kerner, ' Nat. Hist. PI.,' Eng. Ed. i, H, p. 362 ; 

 Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxix, 1896.) Kerner states that the stylar 

 branches of the pendulous flowers of this species roll back into spirals of over two 

 turns. I have not been able to verify this in plants growing on the island of Fohr. 

 Warnstorf, on the other hand, says that the stylar branches hardly describe a single 

 turn when they roll back, so that in most cases the stigmas do not come into contact 

 with the pollen clinging to the hairs on the style, and autogamy is therefore usually 

 excluded. The pollen-grains are white in colour, spheroidal, closely beset with 

 spinose tubercles, on the average about 50 /i, in diameter. 



Visitors. Herm. Muller (H. M.) for Westphalia, and Buddeberg (Budd.) for 

 Nassau give the following list (Herm. Muller, ' Fertilisation,' p. 368, ' Weit. Beob.,' 

 Ill, p. 77).- 



A. Diptera. Syrphtdae : i. Rhingia rostrata Z., skg., returning to the flowers 

 with pollen on its back (H. M., Budd.). B. Hymenoptera. Apidae : 2. Andrena 

 aestiva Sm. 5 (Budd.) ; 3. A. gwynana K. J and j (H. M.) ; 4. Apis mellifica Z. 

 $, skg. (H. M.) ; 5. Bombus lapidarius Z. $, skg. and po-cltg. (H. M.) ; 6. Chelo- 

 stoma campanularum K. % skg, (H. M., Budd.); 7. C. nigricorne Nyl. S and $, 

 numerous (H. M., Budd. J); 8. Cilissa haemorrhoidalis F. 5 and S (H. M.); 9. 

 Halictus albipes F. $ (H. M.) ; 10. H. leucozonius Schr. $, skg. (H. M.); 11. H. 

 maculatus Sm. S (H. M.); 12. H. sexnotatus K. 5, freq., skg. and po-cltg. (Budd.); 

 13. Prosopis communis Nyl. 5 (Budd.); 14. P. hyalinata Sm. S and % numerous 

 (H. M.). 



