PRIMULACEAE 



6i 



(ellipsoidal, or ovoid to tetrahedral), beset with a network of papillae, variable 

 in size (25-30 /a in diameter). 



Visitors. I observed the honey-bee, po-cltg. 



1797. L. thyrsifolia L. (Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjobenhavn, ii, 1877 ; Kerner, 

 'Nat. Hist. PI.,' Eng. Ed. i, II, p. 326; Warnstorf, Verb. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 

 1896.) The flowers of this species are protogynous. The ovary is covered with 

 small papillae, which Kerner says serve as food to visitors. Warnstorff states that 

 the receptive stigma projects from the flowers before they open. After they have 

 done so, the stamens become erect and are remote from the stigma, sometimes 

 attaining the same level and sometimes being a little shorter. The pollen-grains 

 are yellow in colour, ellipsoidal, finely luberculate, up to 31 /a long and 19 /x broad. 

 Kerner states that geitonogamy takes place should insect-visits fail, for the filaments 

 elongate and bend in such a way as to transfer the pollen to the stigmas of adjacent 

 flowers. 



Visitors. I saw the po-dvg. hover-fly Syritta pipiens L. 



1798. L. ciliata L. (=Steironema ciliatum Rafin.). Kerner says that in this 

 species also there are litde papillae on the ovary which are devoured by insect visitors. 



540. Anagallis L. 



Homogamous pollen flowers. 



1799. A. arvensis L. ( = A. phoenicea Scop.). (Delpino, 'Ale. app.' ; Herm. 

 Miiller, 'Fertilisation,' pp. 390-2 ; Kerner, 'Nat. Hist. PI.,' Eng. Ed. i, II, p. 217; 



^ty 



Fig. 236. Anagallis arvensis, L.\ and ^. (rjgr/^(7, 3'c/jr5. (after Herm. Miiller). (i) Fully open 

 ^o\i^r oi A. arvensis. (2) Half-open flower of do. (3) Fully open flower of -(4. ca^r/^/^a. (4) Do., 

 seen from the side, after removal of part of the cal3-x and corolla, a, anthers ; /, petals ; j, sepals ; 

 St, stigma. 



MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 442-3; Kirchner, 'Flora v. 

 Stuttgart,' p. 535; Knuth, 'Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' p. 121.) The red flowers of 

 this species expand in sunny weather from 9 (7) a.m. to 3 (2) p.m., to form a disk 

 1 0-12 mm. in diameter. The anthers of the five diverging stamens are covered 

 with pollen all round, and the style bends down between them in such a way that the 

 simultaneously mature stigma must first be touched by an insect visitor alighting on 

 the lower part of the corolla. Crossing will thus be effected if the visitor is already 

 dusted with pollen. 



The corolla closes in the afternoon, bringing the stigma into contact with the 



