PRIMULACEAE 8i 



introrsely automatic self-pollination is inevitable. This is effective, for the flowers 

 are completely fertile, although insect -visits are extremely rare. The throat of the 

 corolla bears five white appendages, which perhaps enhance conspicuousness. 



Visitors. I once observed a small hover-fly (Syritta pipiens Z.), po-dvg. 

 Owing to the small distance between anthers and stigma it could effect cross- 

 and self-pollination with equal facility. 



552. Glanx L. 



VerhoeflF states that concealed nectar is secreted in very small quantities and 

 stored in the bases of the small flowers, which are of a pale rose colour ^ 



1844. G. maritima L. (Knuth, 'BI. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' p. 120; 

 Francke, ' Beitrage zur Kennt. d. Bestaubungseinricht. d. Pfl.,' Halle, 1883.) 

 I find this species to be homogamous in Schleswig-Holstein. The anthers and 

 stigma mature immediately after the small flowers have opened. As they are at 

 the same level, and the pollen-covered surfaces of the anthers are turned towards 

 the stigma, automatic self-pollination is inevitable. This is effective, for all the 

 flowers without exception set fruits, although insect-visits are extremely few. 



Francke, however, describes the flowers as protandrous with anthers remote 

 from the stigma, so that autogamy is impossible. He says nothing about the 

 way in which pollination is effected. 



Visitors. The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities 

 stated. 



Knuth (Nordstrand, 31. 5. '93), a minute Muscid (Siphonella palposa Fall.) with 

 its head deeply sunk in the flowers. Verhoeff (Norderney). Diptera. {a) Empidae : 

 I. Hilara quadrivittata Mg., skg. (d) Muscidae : all skg. : 2. Anthomyia sp. ; 3. Aricia 

 incana Wiedem. : 4. Cynomyia mortuorum Z. 2 J ; 5. Lucilia caesar Z. ; 6. Onesia 

 floralis R.-D. a ?. 



LXV. ORDER OLE ACE AE LINDL. 



Flowers entomophilous, attracting insects by the corolla, an odour which is often 

 powerful, and aggregation into cymose inflorescences. Nectar secreted by the ovary, 

 and concealed in a more or less elongated corolla -tube. Some species are 

 anemophilous (Fraxinus excelsior). 



553. Ligustrum L. 



Flowers homogamous, in crowded cymes; with concealed nectar secreted 

 by the ovary. 



1845. L- vulgare L. (Herm. MuUer, * Fertilisation,' pp. 393-4, ' Weit. Beob.,' 

 Ill, pp. 62-3; Knuth, *B1, u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' pp. 103, 163-4.) Hermann 



^ I was unable to detect free nectar in the flowers of plants from Kiel (June, 1892), Nordstrand 

 (May, 1893), and Sylt (July, 1898). But when treated with orthonitrophenylpropionic acid they 

 assumed a bright violet colour, especially in the central part of the perianth leaves where these 

 abut upon the ovary. Sugar-containing tissue must therefore be present there. (C/. the note on 

 Leucojum aestivum Z.) 



