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style usually projects beyond the stamens by about the length of the latter, so that 

 insect visitors must first touch the stigma and then the simultaneously mature anthers, 

 thus eifecting cross-poUination. In some flowers, however, the style is so short that 

 the stigma is touched by the anthers, and self-pollination consequently takes place. 



Visitors. The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities 

 stated. 



Herm, Miiller (Lippstadt), 2 bees (Andrena fulva Ckr. $, skg., and Bombus 

 pratorum L. 5) and the beetle Meligethes (penetrating deeply into the flowers). 

 Alfken (Bremen), the honey-bee, not infrequent. 



1851. F. suspensa Vahl. (Knuth, ' Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.') 

 Visitors. I observed the honey-bee, skg. 



557. Fraxinus Toum. 



Flowers polygamous. Petals two, four, or absent. Partly anemophilous, partly 

 entomophilous. 



1852. F. excelsior L. (Kirchner, ' Flora v. Stuttgart,' pp. 538-9 ; MacLeod, 

 Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 381; Schulz, 'Beitrage'; Kerner, 'Nat. 

 Hist. PI.,' Eng. Ed. i, II, p. 312 ; Knuth, ' Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' p. 104.) 

 The blossoms of this species are pollinated by the wind, and develop before the 

 leaves. Kirchner states that the female flowers possess stamens, but these soon drop 

 off, and their anthers neither dehisce nor contain mature pollen-grains. Many of 

 the hermaphrodite flowers are infertile. 



Schulz describes this species as andromonoecious, gynodioecious, gynomonoe- 

 cious, and also trioecious. In nearly all cases hermaphrodite flowers are present, so 

 that in Central Germany the sexes are distributed in at least ten different ways. 



Kerner asserts that this species is protogynous. The large fleshy stigma 

 matures 2-4 days before the anthers, which are borne on short thick filaments 

 and produce mealy pollen that is scattered by the wind. 



1853. F. Omus L. The flowers of this species smell like hawthorn, and 

 Kerner states that some of them are pseudo-hermaphrodite. 



Visitors. Delpino saw the beetle Melolontha farinosa (no doubt = Hoplia 

 argentea Poda) in large numbers (' Ult. oss.,' Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xvi, 

 1873). 



558. Jasminum L. 



Treviranus states (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxi, 1863) that autogamy takes place by 

 bending back of the style to the anthers. Kuhn says that some of the species are 

 dimorphous (Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, xxv, 1867). 



1854. J. humile L. (=J. revolutum Sivis). (Pirotta, Rend. 1st. Lomb., Milano, 

 Ser. 2, xviii, 1885.) Pirotta describes this species as heterostylous dimorphous. 

 Both forms are protandrous in the Rome Botanic Garden. 



Visitors. Small beetles and flies, together with bees and other Hymenoptera, 

 have been observed. 



