POLEMONIACEAE 



III 



bees, can easily find the way to the nectar. After settling on a flower, a visitor 

 clings to the exserted stamens and style. In the first stage of anthesis the 

 anthers are ripe, while in the second the three stigmas project beyond the stamens 

 and their papillose inner surfaces are first touched by insect visitors. It follows 

 that crossing always takes place, while automatic self-pollination appears to be 

 excluded. Kerner states, however, that later on the flower becomes pendulous 

 and the stigmas are brought into the line of fall of the pollen. While all the 

 flowers are hermaphrodite in the Alps, Hermann MuUer also found some purely 

 female ones in his garden at Lippstadt. 



Ekstam describes the flowers in Nova Zemlia as dark blue in colour, smelling 

 faintly of honey, and 30-5 mm. in diameter. They are protogynous or protogynous- 

 homogamous, with a large amount of variation in the development of the reproductive 

 organs. 



Fig. 268. Polemonium caeruUum, L. (alter Herm. MuUer). A. Flower in the first (male) stage. 

 ./I'. Reproductive organs of do. (X 7). A Flower in the second (hermaphrodite) stage. B'. Repro- 

 ductive organs of do. (x 7). 1-5, anthers. 



Visitors. Herm. Miiller (H. M.) in Westphalia, and Buddeberg (Budd.) in 

 Nassau, observed the following. 



A. Coleoptera. Telephoridae \ i. Dasytes flavipes F., freq. in the flowers 

 (H. M.). B. Hymenoptera. Apidae : all skg. : 2. Apis mellifica L. 5 (H. M.) ; 

 3. Chelostoma campanularum K. J (Budd.); 4. C. nigricorne Nyl, J (Budd.); 

 5. Coelioxys sp. J (H. M.) ; 6. Osmia rufa L. %, po-cltg. (Budd.), 27. 6. '73; 

 7. Megachile sp. $ (H. M.). 



The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. 



Lindman (Dovrefjeld), a humble-bee. Herm. Miiller (Alps), a beetle, 2 flies, 

 the honey-bee, and 6 humble-bees. Knuth (on garden plants), the honey-bee, freq., 

 skg. and po-cltg., its baskets thickly covered with orange-coloured pollen. It climbs 

 up the style and stamens to the nectar, thus regularly eff"ecting cross-pollination. 

 The same remarks apply to three humble-bees i. Bombus hortorum Z. }^; 2. B. 

 lapidarius Z. 5; 3. B. terrester Z. ?. Schneider (on garden plants in Arctic 



