J2Q 



ANGIOSPERMAEDICOTYLEDONES 



causing the displacement of two antheis. The apex of the anther-cone is conse- 

 quently opened, and pollen is sprinkled on the under-side of the visitor. Even 

 repeated visits do not permanently open the cone, for the short filaments are 

 broad, and fleshy inwardly directed pouches of the corolla (which surround the 

 base of the cone) direct the stamens back to their original position. The pollen 

 received by bees from younger flowers is deposited on the stigmas of older ones 

 in the second (female) stage. 



Should insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination may take place to a limited 

 extent, for the pollen remaining in the cone can fall upon the stigma, though 

 Darwin says this is an exceptional occurrence. 



Bees grasp the tooth-like appendages of the filaments with their claws, thus 

 displacing the anthers and causing the pollen to fall. Warnstorf describes the 

 pollen-grains as white in colour, in shape like two apposed hemispheres with 

 a central groove, smooth, up to 43 /a long and 25-8 ft broad. 



Visitors. Herm. ^Miiller (H. 

 I\I.) for Westphalia, and Buddeberg 

 (Budd.) give the following list. 



A. Hymenoptera. (a) Api- 

 dae: i. Anthidium oblongatmn iJr. 

 J, skg. (Budd.); 2. Apis mellifica 

 L. 5, very numerous, skg. and 

 po-cltg. (H. M.) ; 3. Bombus pra- 

 torum Z. 5 and ^i skg; and po-cltg. 

 (H. M., Budd.); 4. Halictus sex- 

 notatus K. 5, freq., skg. (H. M.) ; 



5. H. zonulus Sm. $, skg. (H.M.); 



6. Megachile centuncularis Z. J, in 

 large numbers, skg. (H. INI., Budd.) ; 



7. M. fasciata Sni. J, do. (Budd.); 



8. Osmia fulviventris Pz.t, do. 

 (Budd.); 9. O. rufa Z. 5, skg. 

 (Budd.). {b) Vespidae: 10. Odyne- 

 rus parietum Z. J, skg. (?). B. Le- 

 pidoptera. Noctuidae: 11. Plusia 

 gamma Z., skg., in the evening 

 (H.M.). 



The following were recorded 

 by the observers, and for the localities stated. 



Knuth, 2 bees Apis mellifica Z. 5, and Bombus terrester Z. i, both skg. 

 Friese (Hungary), 2 bees Eucera crinipes Sm., and E. nilidiventris Mocs. 



Fig. iyo. Borago qfficiualis, L. (after Heiin. Muller). 

 (l) Flower, after removal of the stamen, seen directly from 

 below. (2) A stamen in the natural position, seen from the 

 side, a, pouches of the corolla; 6, roots of the stamens; r, 

 ovaries ; rf, fleshy thickened filament ; , process of do. ; f, 

 opening of anther. 



606. Anchusa L. 



Homogamous bee flowers ; nectar secreted by the four-lobed base of the 

 ovary^ and concealed in the lower part of the corolla-tube. 



1968. A. officinalis L. (Sprengel, ' Entd. Geh.,' p. 89; Herm. Muller, 

 'Fertilisation,' p. 411, *Weit. Beob.,' Ill, pp. 15-16, ' Alpenblumen,' p. 261 ; Loew, 

 'BlQtenbiol. Floristik,' p. 391; Knuth, 'BlQtenbiol. Beob. a. d. Ins. Riigen' 

 Tullberg, Bot. Not., Lund, 1868, p. 14.) In this species ithe limb of the corolls 



