146 ANGIOSPERMAEDICOTYLEDONES 



pollen; both sexes taking up night-quarters in the funnel-shaped corolla: this bee 

 seems to be a regular visitor in many localities (A. Karsch, ' Insektenwelt,' p. 272). 

 C. Lepidoptera. (a) Noctuidae: 6. Plusia gamma Z., skg. {b) Rhopalocera: 

 7. Argynnis dia Z. ; 8. Pieris brassicae Z., skg. 



The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. 



H. de Vries (Netherlands), the honey-bee (Ned. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 

 2. iDeel, 1875). MacLeod (Flanders), the honey-bee and 2 butterflies (Pieris sp.) 

 (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 329); (Pyrenees), a hover-fly (op. cit., iii, 

 1 891, p. 310). Ducke (Trieste), the bee Osmia papaveris Z/r. 5. Schletterer (Pola), 

 the bee Prosopis hyalinata Snu, var. subquadrata For si. Friese (on this species and 

 C. sepium), 2 bees Systropha curvicornis Scop. (Hungary), and S. planidens Gir., 

 freq. (Hungary, Austria, Thuringia, and Switzerland). 



2012, C. sepium L. (=Calystegia sepium R. Br.). (Sprengel, 'Entd. Geh.,' 

 p. 106; Delpino, 'Alcuni appunti di geografia botanica,' p. 17; Bot. Ztg., Leipzig, 

 xxvii, 1869, p. 794; Buchanan White, J. Bot., London, New Sen, ii, 1873; Herm. 

 Miiller, 'Fertilisation,' pp. 424-5, 'Weit. Beob.,' Ill, pp. 6-7, ' Alpenblumen,' 

 p. 257; Kirchner, 'Flora v. Stuttgart,' p. 548; Vuyck, Ned, Kruidk. Arch.. 

 Nijmegen, 2. Ser., i. Deel, 1894, pp. 1-45; Knuth, 'Bliitenbiol. Herbstbeob.,' 

 ' Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen'; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, 

 pp. 370-1 ; Burgerstein, Ber. D. bot. Ges., Berlin, vii, 1889, p. 370; Focke. 

 Kosmos, Stuttgart, xiv, 1884, p. 291 ; Schwarz and Wehsarg, Jahrb. wiss. Bot., 

 Leipzig, XV, 1884; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1894.) This species 

 bears large homogamous diurnal hawk-moth flowers, white in colour, and odourless. 

 In spite of their conspicuousness they are but little frequented by insects. They 

 close during rainy weather, but remain open on moonlight nights. Their mechanism 

 agrees essentially with that of C. arvensis. Nectar is secreted and concealed as in 

 the latter, the broad bases of the five filaments surrounding it so as to leave only 

 five narrow nectar-passages. Above this the filaments lie close together, and bend 

 towards the middle of the flower, closely surrounding the style. The stigmalic 

 branches project beyond the extrorsely dehiscing anthers, so that insects probing 

 for nectar must first touch the stigmas and then the pollen-covered anthers, thus 

 cross-pollinating the second flower visited. 



Should insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination may be effected b}' the 

 bending down or fall of the corolla. 



According to Warnstorf's account the white anthers are extrorse, and usuall) 

 at a lower level than the stigma, more rarely at almost the same height. Thei 

 inner sides are beset with droplets of viscid matter as in C. arvensis. Some 

 all the anthers may be abortive, quite apart from the possible influence of X\ 

 fungus Thecaphora hyalinata Fingerh. (=T. capsularum Desm.) {cf. Magnus, Verb 

 bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896, p. 80). This would appear, however, to cause 

 degeneration of the anthers in many cases where its conidial form infests ther 

 Such flowers are smaller than the others, and their dirty-brown anthers are usuallj 

 borne on short filaments. The pollen-grains are white in colour, rounded, clos 

 beset with small tubercles, possessing germinating processes, and 88-93 /* 

 diameter. 



Visitors. The characteristic visitor and legitimate pollinating agent is the 

 convolvulus hawk-moth (Sphinx convolvuli Z.), upon which the plant is so closely 



