SCROPHULARINEAE 



191 



with the ventral surface of its body, already dusted with pollen, A smaller species of 

 Syrphidae, Ascia podagrica F., visits the flower very abundantly and in a similar 

 way.' Knuth also saw the honey-bee, and the hover-fly Eristalis tenax Z., while 

 Herm. Miiller gives the following additional list. A. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 

 I. Scatophaga stercoraria Z., skg. and po-dvg. ; 2. Several small Muscids. (3) 

 Syrphidae: 3. Ascia podagrica F.\ 4. Eristalis sepulcralis Z., skg. and po-dvg.; 



5. Syritta pipiens Z., in large numbers, eagerly skg. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae : 



6. Andrena parvula K. $, skg. and po-cltg. ; 7. Apis mellifica Z. 5, skg. ; 8. Halictus 

 sexstrigatus Schenck 5, skg. and po-cltg. Alfken (Bremen), 5 bees: i. Andrena 

 minutula K. t; 2. Halictus calceatus Scop. 5 ; 3. H. flavipes F.^; 4. H. minutus 

 JT. 2; 5. H. villosulus K. 5. von Fricken (Westphalia and East Prussia), the 

 Chrysomelid beetle Prasocuris junci Brahm, and the Curculionid beetle Gymnetron 

 beccabungae Z. MacLeod (Flanders), 2 short-tongued bees and a hover-fly (Bot. 

 Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, P- 347)' Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), an Empid, 

 4 hover-flies, and 3 Muscids ('Flora of Dumfriesshire,' p. 129). 



2117. V. Teucrium L, 



Visitors. MacLeod (Pyrenees) observed a bee (Halictus sp.) (Bot, Jaarb. 

 Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1 891, p. 313). 



2118. V. belU. 

 dioides L. (Herm. 

 Miiller, 'Alpenblumen,' 

 pp. 269 - 70.) The 

 dark - blue flowers of 

 this species are homo- 

 gamous. The bases of 

 the filaments are not 

 attenuated, and the 

 few visitors touch the 

 stigma and anthers 

 in an indiscriminate 

 fashion, effecting either 

 cross- or self-polli- 

 nation. The latter 

 regularly takes place 

 automatically when 

 insect -visits fail, by 

 contact of the anthers with the stisfma 



Fig. 296. Veronica bellidioicUs, L. (after Herm. MuUer). A. Flower 

 seen directly from the front ( x 4). B. Do., from the side, after removal of half 

 the calyx and corolla (x 7). , nectary. 



Visitors. Herm. Miiller saw an Empid, a butterfly, and a moth. 



aug. V. fruticulosa L. (=V. saxatilis Scop., and V. fruticans Jacq.). (Herm. 

 Mtiller, ' Alpenblumen,' pp. 267-9.) The blue flowers of this species are homogamous 

 both in the Alps (Herm. Miiller) and in Greenland (Warming), and their mechanism 

 is essentially the same as that of V. Chamaedrys, but Hermann Miiller observed only 

 occasional and irregular crossing by flies, bees, and Lepidoptera. During dull 

 weather autogamy takes place in the half-closed flowers. {Cf. Fig. 297.) 



Visitors. Vide supra. MacLeod (Pyrenees) saw a po-dvg. Muscid (Bot. 

 Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, pp. 312-13). 



