SCROPHULARINEAE 



215 



contradiction is afforded to the Knight-Darwin Law that, ' No organic being 

 can fertilize itself through an unlimited number of generations ; but a cross with 

 other individuals is occasionally perhaps at very long intervals indispensable.' 

 {C/. Vol. I, p. 9.) 



In older flowers the style bends so far back that the stigma and anthers touch 

 one another, automatic self-pollination being thus effected. Warming describes 

 this as being effective both in Greenland and Spitzbergen, as shown by the setting of 

 abundant fruits. 



With regard to anthesis and the setting of fruits in Spitzbergen the species 

 agrees with P. lanata, according to the observations of Andersson and Hesselman, 

 and also those of Ekstam. Specimens collected by Vanhoffen and Dr. von Drygalski 

 in Greenland possessed, when fresh, a corolla 15 mm. long, pale-red in colour with 

 a deep-red upper lip : a white variety was also noticed. Ripe fruits were also seen 

 at Sermilik as early as July 8 (1892). 



2164. P. sudetica Willd. (Warming, Bot. Tids., Kjobenhavn, xvii, 1890, 

 p. 215.) For Nova Zemlia Ekstam describes the flowers of this species as red in 



Fig. 312. Pedicularis Sceptrum-Carolinum, L. (after E. Wanning). 

 A. Flower in the natural position (xj). B. Do., after removal of the 

 lower lip (D. is part of same in side view after removing part of upper lip). 

 C. Part of a flower 25 mm. long, seen from the front ; the stigma projects 

 less than in 5, and the anthers are still undehisced (cf. F) {H is the tip 

 of the style of the same flower). E. Lower lip oi B. G. Ovary and 



nectary, d, nectary ; st^ stigma ; w, smooth reflexed edge of upf)er lip. 



colour, smelling like jessamine, and protogynous. Autogamy may perhaps be 

 possible, for the projecting persistent stigma lies in the line of pollen fall. 



Visitors. Ekstam (Nova Zemlia) saw no visitors in 1891, but in 1895 

 observed a small fly and the humble-bee Bombus hyperboraeus Schonh. 



2165. P. Sceptrmn-carolinum L. (Warming, op. cit., xvii, 1890, pp. 215-18.) 

 Flowers of this species from the Kola peninsula and Osterdalen (Norway) 

 completely agree in their mechanism. Warming describes this as follows from 

 herbarium material. 



' The plant is rendered conspicuous from a distance by the tall greatly branched 

 stem, and the large yellow flowers with their dirty-reddish under-lips. They are 

 much bigger than those of other species, being as much as 32 mm. long, and are 

 vertical in position. The supporting bracts are closely apposed to the stem. Seen 

 from the outside each flower appears to be entirely closed. The lower lip (Fig. 31 2, .") 



