SCROPHULARINEAE 



227 



large-flowered variety (=E. Rostkoviana Hayne) the same kind of automatic self- 

 pollination occurs, by means of further growth of the corolla-tube, as he has described 

 in the case of Rhinanthus hirsutus and R. angustifolius {cf. pp. 219, 220). This 

 applies also to Euphrasia tricuspidata Z. and E. versicolor A. Kern. Darwin (' Cross 

 Fertilisation/ p. 368) found E. officinalis fertile by automatic self-pollination. Flower 

 visitors naturally prefer the forms possessing large flowers of striking colour and 

 secreting abundant nectar. 



Visitors. Herm. Miiller observed the following, all skg. 



A. Diptera. (a) Bomhyliidae : i. Systoechus sulphureus Mik. (3) Syrphidae : 

 2, Melithreptus taeniatus Mg. ; 3. Syrphus sp, B. Hymenoptera. Apidae : 

 4. Apis mellifica Z. 5. freq. ; 5. Bombus agrorum F. '^, 6. B. pratoruna Z. 5 ;' 

 7. Halictus minutissimus K. 5, creeping right into the flowers ; 8. Nomada lateralis 

 Pz. $. 



Alfken gives the following list. 



Juist A. Diptera. Syrphidae : i. Syrphus ribesii Z. B. Hymenoptera. 

 Apidae : 2. Bombus lapidarius Z. 5, skg. ; 3. B. muscorum F. 5, do. ; 4. CoUetes 

 impunctatus iVy/., rare, skg.; 5. C. marginatusZ.,freq., po-cltg. and skg.; 6. Epeolus 

 variegatus Z. Bremen, 3 humble-bees, skg. i. Bombus hortorum Z. 5 5 2. B. 

 muscorum F. 5, 5 and J ; 3. B. lapidarius Z. 5- 



The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. 



Knuth (Rom), the honey-bee and a hover-fly (Helophilus pendulus Z.) ; 

 (Thuringia), the humble-bee Bombus soroensis F., var. proteus Gersf. 5- Hoffer 

 (Steiermark), the parasitic bee Psithyrus rupestris F. 5. Friese (Innsbruck), the bee 

 Halictoides paradoxus Mor. 5 (in the large-flowered variety), von Dalla Torre 

 (Tyrol), 2 humble-bees Bombus agrorum F., and B. soroensis F. (also by 

 Schletterer in the Tyrol). Herm. Miiller (Alps, in the large-flowered form), 5 flies, 

 II bees, and 8 Lepidoptera. Mac- 

 Leod (Pyrenees, in both forms), a 

 Lepidopterid and a hover-fly (Bot. 

 Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, 

 pp. 314-15). Scott-Elliot (Dum- 

 friesshire), 2 humble-bees, a short- 

 tongued bee, a saw-fly, 4 hover- 

 flies, and a Muscid (' Flora of Dum- 

 friesshire,' p. 132). 



2174. . salisburgensis 



Funk (= E. officinalis, according 

 to the Index Kewensis). (Herm. 

 Miiller, ' Alpenblumen,' pp. 280-1.) 

 This species bears flowers be- 

 I longing to class CH. They are 

 protogynous, and resemble those 

 of the small-flowered form of E. 

 officinalis in size and conspicuous- 

 ness. Cross-poUination is effected 

 by insect-visits, owing to the pro- 

 jection of the stigma. Should such 

 visits fail, the stigma frequently moves to the middle of the anthers by continued 

 owth of the corolla, so that automatic self-pollination may be effected. 



Q 2 



Fig. 319. Euphrasia salisburgensis, Funk (after Herm. 

 MttUer). A. Young flower, seen from the side. B. Do., 

 after removal of the upper lip and a large part of the calyx. 

 (X7.) C Ovary with nectary (). Z>. Uppermost part 

 of the style, (x i6.) 



