388 



ANGIOSPERMAEDICOTYLEDONES 



mature earlier than the adjacent male ones. Warming considers the willows in 

 Greenland (such as S. herbacea, &c.), which flower early and set fruits rapidly, as 

 anemophilous, for the pollen is easily scattered by the wind, but Kornerus says that 

 the fragrant catkins are also occasionally visited by insects. 



Fig. 363. Salix herbacea^ L. (after Herm. Muller). A. Male plant (natural size). B. Male spike 

 with five flowers. C. Male flower, from outside, after the removal of the bract. D. Male flower, from 

 inside. B. Female spike with six flowers. F. Female flower, from inside. G. Female flower, 

 from outside, after removal of the bract. a, anther; 6r, bract ; gr^ style ; n and ', large and small 



nectaries ; ov^ ovary ; st, stigmas. 



The species was found flowering on Bear Island at the end of June (Abromeit, 

 'Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski's Gronlandsexped./ p. 70). 



Visitors. Herm. Muller (Alps) once observed a moth, and once a Muscid. 

 Lindmann (Dovrefjeld) records flies and humble-bees. 



2590. S. polaris Wahlenb. (Lindman, ' Bidrag till Kanned. om Skandin. 

 Fjellvaxt. Blomn. o. Befrukt.') Nectar is abundantly secreted in this species also. 



This species belongs to the earliest flowering plants of Spitzbergen, where it is 

 in bloom from mid-June to July, fruits being set from the beginning of August to the 

 beginning of September. A hybrid found on the island, S. herbacea x S. polaris 

 (or possibly an intermediate species (?)), is interesting because one parent (S. herbacea) 

 does not now occur there, and this indicates a former wider extension of that species, 

 and a correspondingly altered climate (Andersson and Hesselman, ' Bidrag till 

 Kanned. om Spetsbergens o. Beeren Eil. Karlvaxtflora,' pp. 67-9). 



Visitors. Flies and humble-bees. 



2591. S. reticulata L. (Herm. Muller, op. cit., p. 163 ; Kemer, loc. cit.) 

 Kemer says that the stigmas of the female flowers of this species mature some days 

 before the anthers of the male ones dehisce. 



This species flowers in Spitzbergen later than S. polaris, generally from the 

 middle to the end of July; well-developed fruits were observed on August 10, 1882 

 (Andersson and Hesselman, op. cit., p. 70). Whether willows are anemophilous in 

 Spitzbergen as Warming asserts to be the case with Greenland species requires 

 confirmation. Anemophily is more probable than in Greenland, for there are no 

 humble-bees as in that country. In northern stations generally, e. g. Troms0, willows 



