444 ANGIOSPERMAEMONOCOTYLEDONES 



however, rarely sets fruits. Maximovicz says that when L. dahuricum and the variety 

 croceum are crossed, the latter produces fruits corresponding to those of the former, 



and vice versd. 



Visitors. The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities 

 stated. 



Knuth (Gardens at Kiel), the peacock butterfly (Vanessa io Z.). Herm. Miiller 

 (Alps), skg. butterflies belonging to the genera Polyommatus and Argynnis, and of 

 the same colour as the flowers of the species. 



2724. L. candidum L. (Knuth, op. cit., 'Beitrage,' VI.) I illustrate the 

 flower mechanism of this plant, which has been grown in cottage gardens for 

 centuries, from specimens obtained in gardens in Kiel. The very large, white 

 flowers are infundibulo-campanuliform and horizontal. They are faintly fragrant by 

 day, much more strongly so in the evening, almost like lilies of the valley. The base 

 of each petal is green and contracted into a sort of groove, in which a rather large 

 drop of nectar is secreted. Automatic self-pollination is excluded in spite of 

 homogamy, as the stigma projects 20-5 mm. beyond the anthers. The white colour, 

 greater fragrance in the evening, and versatile anthers indicate that the flowers are 



adapted for pollination by noc- 

 turnal hawk -moths, especially 

 as no other insects correspond 

 in size to the flowers, and there 

 is no platfonn provided for 

 visitors. When a visit takes 



Fig. 396. Lilium candidum, L. (from nature). The perianth place, the inSCCt Cannot aVOid 

 and 4 of the 6 stamens are removed. The receptive stigma , . , . , . i 



projects about 25 mm. beyond the anthers (natural size). tOUChmg trie Stigma, WtllCn 



dominates the entrance of the 

 flower, owing to a slight upward bend in the terminal part of the style, and dusts it 

 with pollen if another flower has previously been visited. On penetrating further 

 into the flower, the anthers, 14 mm. long and 4 mm. broad, and very rich in pollen, 

 brush against the front part of the under-side of the insect's body and dust it again 

 with pollen ; the pollen-grains are yolk-yellow in colour, with a network of tubercles, 

 on an average 90 /x long and 60 y. broad. Tinzmann describes the plant as 

 self-sterile. 



Visitors. Knuth makes the following remarks on these. 



In spite of careful watching on warm, still summer evenings, I have never 

 observed hawk-moths, the characteristic and legitimate pollinators. In Riigen 

 (July, '96) I saw a hover-fly (Syrphus pyrastri Z.) dvg. the pollen that had fallen 

 in the perianth, without touching the stigma or anthers. In Kiel Botanic Garden 

 (August, '98) I saw Apis mellifica Z. 5, occasional, po-cltg., also numerous flower- 

 beetles (Meligethes), small black ants, and Thrips. These guests could only occa- 

 sionally effect self- or cross-pollination. 



2725. L. testaceum Lindl. (Knuth, ' Beitrage,' VI.) The mechanism of 

 this species agrees essentially with that of L. Martagon Z., but the flowers are pro- 

 tandrous. They are feebly fragrant, and face obliquely downwards in consequence 

 of a strong curving of the peduncle. In plants which I observed in the Botanic 

 Garden of the Oberrealschule in Kiel, the perianth leaves were rolled back and 

 provided internally with a longitudinal groove, bright wax-yellow in colour, and 



