LILIACEAE 449 



(=Anthericum Z.) the stigma is at first situated in front of the anthers at the 

 end of the greatly projecting style, so that an insect visitor must brush against it 

 first; later on the style bends laterally at an angle of 80-90, the stigma being 

 thus removed from the line of approach to the nectar, and insect visitors enabled 

 to touch the pollen-covered anthers. 



2739. A. ramosum L. (Sprengel, 'Entd. Geh.,' pp. 196-8; Herm. Miiller, 

 'Fertlsn.,' p. 552, ' Weit. Beob.,' I, p. 282; Kirchner, 'Flora v. Stuttgart,' p. 65; 

 Warnstorf, Verb. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.) The homogamous (or, according 

 to Warnstorf, protogynous) flowers of this species expand to a star about 25 mm. in 

 diameter. The stigma projects a little beyond the anthers, so that insects probing 

 for the exposed nectar first touch this and then the anthers, cross-pollination being 

 thus favoured. If insect-visits fail, automatic self-pollination can take place by fall of 

 pollen in flowers which are directed obliquely downwards. Warnstorf describes the 

 pollen-grains as large, ellipsoidal, with pointed poles, and a network of tubercles up to 

 87 /A long and 39 /* broad. 



Visitors. Herm. Miiller observed the following in Central Germany. 



A. Coleoptera. {a) Cerambyctdae: i. Strangalia bifasciata Mull., skg. 

 (3) Telephoridae : 2. Dasytes flavipes F., skg. {c) Oedemeridae '. 3. Oedemera 

 virescens L., skg. B. Diptera. (a) Empidae : 4. Empis livida Z., freq., skg. 

 (3) Musctdae : 5. Anthomyia, sp., skg. (c) Syrphidae : 6. Merodon aeneus Mg., skg. 

 and po-dvg., also t'n copuld; 7. Volucella bombylans Z., skg. C. Hymenoptera. 

 (a) Apidae'. 8. Apis mellifica Z. 5, very common, skg. and po-dvg.; 9. Bombus 

 pratorum Z. 5. skg.; 10. Halictus albipes F. J, do.; ii. H. longulus Sm. 5, do.; 

 12. H, maculatus Sm. 5, skg. and po-cltg. ; 13. H. pauxillus Schenck J, skg. 

 {b) Formicidae: 14. Formica fusca Z. ^, nect-lkg. ; 15. Lasius niger Z. 5, nect-lkg. 

 (V) Sphegidae: 16. Cerceris quinquefasciata Rossi, skg.; 17. C. variabilis /S'c^r. 

 D. Lepidoptera. {a) Rhopalocera : 18. Coenonympha arcania Z., skg.; 19. 

 Melitaea athalia Rott., do.; 20. Papilio machaon L., do.; 21. Pieris rapae Z., do. 

 {b) Sphingidae: 22. Ino globulariae Hbn., do.; 23. Zygaena achilleae Esp., do.; 

 24. Z. lonicerae Esp., do. 



2740. A. Liliago L. (Herm. MuUer, * Weit. Beob.,' I, p. 282 ; Kirchner, 

 Flora V. Stuttgart,' p. 66.) The flower mechanism of this species agrees entirely 

 with that of A. ramosum, but the flowers are larger, their diameter being 35-40 mm. 

 Ricca (Atti Soc, ital. sc. nat., Milano, xiv, 1871) states that the stigma projects a little 

 beyond the anthers, and that nectar is scanty. 



Visitors. The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities 

 stated. 



Ricca, bees. Herm. Miiller (Thuringia). A. Coleoptera. Elateridae: i. 

 Agriotes gallicus Loc, skg. B. Diptera. Empidae : 2. Rhamphomyia sp., skg. 

 C. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 3. Apis mellifica Z. 5, skg. and po-cltg. MacLeod 

 (Pyrenees), a hover-fly (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 304). 



882. Asphodelus L. 



White, usually protogynous flowers with concealed nectar secreted by the 

 ovary; they are arranged in racemose inflorescences. 



2741. A. ramosusL.(=A.albusJT/?7/.). (MacLeod, 'Pyreneenbl.,' pp. 30 1-4.) 

 In flowers of this species the six stamens broaden at their bases, and their apposed 

 margins form a nectar-receptacle, surrounding the fluid abundantly secreted by the 



DAVIS. Ill Q g. 



