458 ANGIOSPERMAEMONOCOTYLEDONES 



2781. A. Cepa L. (Sprengel, op. cit., p. 184; Herin. MuUer, Fertlsn.,' 

 p. 553 ; Kirchner, * Flora v. Stuttgart,' p. 62 ; Knuth, ' Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.') 

 The whitish flowers of this species are markedly protandrous ; the thin inner 

 anthers dehisce first, and then the outer ones, projecting straight out of the widely 

 opened perianth. The style, at first only one mm. long, elongates to 5 mm. 

 during dehiscence of the anthers, and the stigma only matures when these have 

 withered. 



Visitors. The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities 

 stated. 



Knuth, the honey-bee, skg,, and the hover-fly Eristalis tenax L., po-dvg. 

 Herm. MuUer. A. Diptera. Empidae: 1. Empis livida Z. B. Hymenoptera. 

 {a) Apidae : 2. Bombus terrester L. J ; 3. Halictus cylindricus F. t>\ 4. Prosopis 

 punctulatissima Sm. (3) Sphegidae: 5. Miscus campestris Lir. All skg. Alfken 

 (Bremen), 3 bees i. Prosopis brevicomis Nyl. 5, rare; 2. P. communis Nyl. 

 2 and S, very common ; 3. P. pictipes Nyl. and P. punctulatissima Sm. F. F. Kohl 

 (gardens in Bozen), 4 Chrysididids i. Chrysis rutilans Oltv. ; 2. C. distinguenda 

 Spin. ; 3. Parnopes grandior Pall. ; 4. EUampus spina Lep. (= E. productus Dafilb.), 

 7 wasps I. Vespa rufa Z.; 2, Eumenes pomiformis F. (Tyrol); 3. E. unguiculata 

 Vill. ; 4. Leionotus dantici Rossi; 5. L. bidentatus Lep. ; 6. Epipona spiricomis 

 Spin. ; 7. Ancistrocerus parietum Z. 



2782. A. fistulosum L. (Sprengel, op. cit., pp. 183-6.) This species is 

 also protandrous. 



Visitors. Sprengel observed the honey-bee. 



8gi. Hyacinthus L. 



Bee flowers with juicy tissue at the base of the ovary, or with concealed 

 nectar secreted there. 



2783. H. orientalis L. (Sprengel, ' Entd. Geh.,' p. 200; Herm. Mailer, 

 'Fertlsn.,' p. 554, ' Weit. Beob.,' I, p. 278; Knuth, 'Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen'; 

 Warnstorf, Schr. natw. Ver., Wernigerode, xi, 1896.) Sprengel states that in 

 this species the ovary possesses three whitish spots on its upper side, each secreting 

 a small drop of nectar. Warnstorf also says that nectar is secreted in three large 

 spherical drops on the upper part of the ovary, in three furrows alternating with 

 the sutural grooves of the carpels. Hermann Mailer, however, could find no free 

 secretion of nectar, but he describes the base of the perianth as juicy, and therefore 

 probably bored by long-tongued visitors. The perianth tube is 12-15 "i* ^o"S' 

 Its lower third surrounds the ovary with its short style and three-lobed stigma. 

 It is slightly contracted above this, and its middle third bears the anthers, which 

 mature simultaneously with the stigma. An insect probing at the base of the flower 

 touches the anthers with one side of its proboscis and the stigma with the other, thus 

 favouring cross-pollination. Automatic self-pollination is prevented by the usually 

 horizontal position of the flower, and can in any case only take place in flowers 

 which are by chance vertical. The pollen-grains are ellipsoidal, sulphur-yellow 

 in colour, very finely papillose, on an average 75 /t long and 25 /i broad. 



Visitors. Hermann MuUer (H. M.), Buddeberg (Budd.), and Knuth (Kn. 

 observed the following. 



