JUNCACEAE 479 



occurs frequently, and is indicated by the transparent stigmatic papillae, which are 

 as a rule of unusual length and generally associated with smooth, powdery pollen. 



(b) The stigma of one flower projects into the cavity of an adjacent one and 

 there comes into contact with the anthers ; this occurs frequently in Luzula. 



(c) The pollen rolls down into the glabrous hollow tubes formed by the 

 perianth lobes, and so reaches the stigmas of flowers situated at a lower level : 

 Luzula nivea DC, L, albida DC, and certainly other species. 



(d) Entomophily. Insects are attracted by the considerable size and vivid 

 colouring of the flowers, and also by the abundant pollen and the shining turgescent 

 tissue ; these convey the pollen to other flowers of the same or another plant of the 

 same species : numerous Alpine species of Juncus, especially from the Himalayas : 

 Luzula nivea DC, L. lactea E. Mey., L. elegans H. B. et K., and others. 



III. Dioecism. Xenogamy is necessary: Patosia, Oxychloe', Distichia. 



Vanhoffen (Abromeit, 'Bot. Ergeb. von Drygalski's Gronlandsexped.,' pp. 80-5) 

 observed the following species flowering in Greenland during June and August. 

 Juncus biglumis L., J. triglumis L., J. castaneus Si7i., J. arcticus Willd., Luzula 

 confusa Lindeb., L. hyperborea R. Br. ( = L, arctica Blyti), and L. spicata DC 



Andersson and Hesselman ('Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens v. Beeren 

 Eil. Karlvaxtflora,' pp. 82-3) made observations on the times of flowering and 

 fruiting of the following species in Spitzbergen. Luzula Wahlenbergii Rupr., 

 L. arcuata Summ., L. arcuata var. hyperborea R. Br., L. nivalis Beurl., Juncus 

 biglumis Z., J. triglumis Z., and J. castaneus Sm. 



925. Juncus L. 



2841. J. acutiflorus Ehrh. Anthesis, no doubt, lasts but one day in this 

 species, which is markedly protogynous, being usually female in the morning and 

 hermaphrodite after midday. It probably flowers in a distinctly intermittent 

 manner. The stigmas are bright purple-red or rose-red in colour, with long, 

 transparent papillae. 



2842. J. alpinus Vill., var. genuinus Buchen. In this species the female 

 stage usually lasts two days. In the following hermaphrodite one the flowers 

 open early in the morning or before midday, and close after midday or in the 

 evening. The male stage then begins, and lasts two or even three days. 



2843. J. anceps Laharpe, var. atricapillus Buchen. The flowering of this 

 species is distinctly intermittent. Anthesis usually lasts less than 24 hours, and 

 sometimes scarcely 12. The stigmas are greenish, with very long transparent 

 papillae. 



2844. J. arcticus Willd. Intermittent flowering is marked in this species. 

 The female stage begins in the early part of the day, and lasts 2-3 hours ; then 

 the perianth opens, and the anthers dehisce shortly afterwards. Towards evening 

 the flowers close again completely, so that anthesis is ended in one day, and, on 

 account of the fewness of blossoms, flowering does not take place for more than 

 two or, at the most, three days. The stigmas are pale pink with transparent 

 papillae. 



