154 BOTANICAL SYNOPSIS 



alternate, cordate, oblique, serrate, with tufts of yellowish 

 hair at the branching of the veins beneath. Flowers in 

 umbellate cymes of three or four, with leafy bract adherent 

 to the peduncle, sweet-scented. Fruit spherical, faintly 

 ribbed, quarter of an inch in diameter. July, August. 

 Europe (excluding Balkan Peninsula) and Siberia. Vol. I. 

 p. 89. 



Sub-species, T. platyphyllos Scop. Twigs downy. Fruit 

 with five prominent ribs. Europe from Denmark south- 

 ward. Vol. II., p>. 89. 



NATURAL ORDEB, ILLCINEAE (HOLLY FAMILY). 



Ilex Aquifolium L. Holly. Bark smooth, ash-grey. 

 Shoots slightly pubescent. Leaves evergreen, alternate, 

 glossy, with waved spinous margins, except sometimes on 

 the upper ones. Flowers white, quarter of an inch in 

 diameter, in axillary clusters. Fruit a scarlet, four-seeded 

 berry. May to August. Europe, from South Norway to 

 Turkey and the Caucasus, and West Asia. Vol. II., p. 9. 



NATURAL ORDER, CELASTRINE.FJ (SPINDLE- 1 REE 



FAMLLY). 



Euonymus europseus L. Spindle-tree. Bark smooth, grey. 

 Shoots quadrangular, green, fetid. Leaves opposite, ovate- 

 lanceolate, finely serrate, smooth. Flowers pale green, half 

 an inch in diameter, parts in fours. Fruit a rose coloured, 

 four-angled, fleshy capsule, containing four orange seeds. 

 May, June. Europe, West Siberia, and North Africa 

 Vol. III., p. 9. 



NATURAL ORDER, RHAMNACEJE (BUCKTHORN 

 FAMILY). 



Rhamnus catharticus L. Common Buckthorn. Bark 

 blackish. Twigs spinous. Leaves tufted, ovate, serrate. 

 Flowers yellow-green, axillary, sub-sessile, small, parts in 

 fours, dioecious. Fruit small, round, black, with four stones. 



