53 



at with sufT. atd what is below it 

 sujo sujoa - before it 

 kit hitd - seaward of it. 

 PERSONAL WORDS. Pronouns , as often mentioned, are repre- 

 sented in the flexion of the verbs. But if merely the person has to 

 be expressed, separate words are required. For the third person we 

 find them among the demonstratives mentioned above. The first and 

 second person are expressed by uvanga 1, and ivdlit thou. Klein- 

 schmidl derives these words from the supposed stems uva and He, 

 which, with suffixes for my and thy, could signifly : my (being) here, 

 thy (being) there. This hypothesis has been confirmed by the Mac- 

 kenzie grammar in which ivdlit is Unit i. e. thy He or Ho. 



To the particular nouns might also be counted: kise aloneness 

 and <ttamaq whole (see the glossary). 



Verbs and their flexion. 



We have already mentioned the verbal stems, slating that by 

 themselves ' they are only serviceable as interjections, whereas in 

 order to become words for ordinary use they have to be furnished 

 with a formative addition. The flexion* of verbs in one respect is 

 less complicated than that of nouns, in as much as only, this for- 

 mative addition is altered by it, whereas the stern itself, excepting 

 slight modifications of the final sound, is never affected by the flexion. 

 But as to multiplicity of forms the flexion of verbs is by far more 

 complicated. 



THE FLEXION COMPRISES (1) MOODS (2) PERSONS WITH 

 INDICATION OF THE SUBJECT, (3) SUFFIXES OR THE OBJECT BUT NO 

 TENSES. What was formerly considered tenses consists of affixes. 

 Most commonly it already will be given by the context, whether 

 an action is passed or future. 



The first alteration by flexion is for the mood, for which the 

 verbs are divided into 5 classes. As the formative addition is the 

 variable part, one of its forms has to be considered the standard for 

 explaining the others. For this use the 3d person of the indicative 

 with the suffix likewise of the 3d person for transitive verbs, has been 

 selected. The formative addition to the stem then is poq, voq or oq, 

 with the suffix : pd, vd or d. Including the last sound of the stem 

 which is slightly altered we set THE FOLLOWING ENDINGS AS RE 

 PRESENTING THE 5 CLASSES OF VERBS: 



