CAL YCANTHACEAE 



53 



106. A. Cammarum L. (=A. Stoerkianum Reichb.). 

 Visitors. Schneider (Mus. Aarsh., Tromso, 1894) observed Bombus hortorum 



visiting this flower in the gardens of Arctic Norway, but saw it nowhere else in 

 that region. 



23. Paeonia Toum. 

 Protogynous pollen flowers (?). The large red petals serve to attract insects. 



107. P. officinalis L. Kerner states that the flowers, which are open only 

 in the day-time, possess the odour of nightshade. 



Visitors. I observed Bombus terrester L. ^ in the Kiel Garden, vainly seeking 

 for nectar. 



108. P. Moutan Sims ( = P. arborea Don.). 

 Visitors. Delpino says that this species, indigenous to China, is regularly 



pollinated by beetles (Cetoniae), which lick the fleshy disks on the bases of the 

 ovaries. 



II. ORDER CALYCANTHACEAE LINDL. 



24. Chimonanthus Lindl. 



109. C. fragrans Lindl. ( = Calycanthus praecox Z.). The greenish-white 

 strongly odorous flowers appear before the leaves, and, according to Hildebrand 

 (Bot. Ztg.j Leipzig, xxvii, 1869), are protogynous. In the first condition the still 

 immature anthers are remote from the stigmas, and these may be pollinated by 

 insects coming from other flowers in the second stage. In this second stage the 

 dehisced anthers project beyond the stigmas, so that insect visitors are obliged to 

 touch them. 



The flowers are also described as protogynous by Entleutner ('Die sommer- 

 griinen Ziergeholze von Siid-Tirol,' Meran, 1892), who says that in the first stage of 

 anthesis the unripe stamens of the newly opened flower form a funnel from the middle 

 of which the carpels project, their stigmas being already mature. In the second 

 stage the anthers which so far have been curved outwards towards the perianth 

 apply themselves to and cover the carpels, projecting well beyond them. The 

 anthers now dehisce, and insect visitors have to push between them and the perianth 

 in order to get at the nectar secreted in the base of the flower. If such an insect 

 next alights upon a flower in the first stage, it necessarily effects pollination, for 

 the only way to the nectar is through the conical space between anthers and stigmas. 



Visitors. Delpino observed (' Altri app. dicog. recent, oss.,' Nuovo Giorn. bot. 

 ital., Firenze, ii, 1870, p. 59) a bee (Osmia) at Florence. 



25. Calycanthus L. 



no. C. floridus L. The brown nectarless flowers of this shrub a native 

 of north-east America exhale a slight odour of strawberries. Delpino states (' Ult. 

 oss./ Atti Soc. ital. sc. nat., Milano, xvii, 1874, and 'Altri app. dicog. recent, 

 oss.,' Nuovo Giorn. bot. ital., Firenze, ii, 1870, p. 58) that they are protogynous, with 

 stigmas that soon wither. 



Visitors. Beetles (Cetoniae) appear to effect pollination. 



