CRUCIFERAE 87 



plant is self-sterile. Warnstorf says that the flowers are protogynous, and that 

 the stigmatic papillae mature in the still unopened flower. 



In the plants studied by Warming in Greenland, the anthers of the short stamens 

 are so close to the stigma that automatic self-pollination is possible; ripe fruits, 

 however, are seldom formed, and propagation is effected vegetatively by bulbils. 



In Nova Zemlia according to Ekstam the diameter of the faintly odorous, 

 protogynous-homogamous flowers is 10-15 mm.; while Rjellman states that it is 

 usually 24 mm. in Arctic Siberia. The flowers agree in structure with those on 

 the North Frisian Islands which have been described by me. 



This species flowers in Spitzbergen from the middle of July till the middle 

 of September (Andersson and Hesselman, ' Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens o. 

 Beeren Eil. Karlvaxtflora,' pp. 32-3). According to the authorities quoted ripe fruits 

 are formed neither in Greenland (Kolderup Rosenvinge) nor arctic Norway (Norman). 

 Ekstam, however, has seen them in Spitzbergen (' Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. Spitzbergen,' 

 p. 19). Andersson and Hesselman regard this as a probable case of partheno- 

 genesis; in two specimens they collected there were, respectively, 95 % and 100 % of 

 pollen-grains incapable of germination. According to Ekstam the flowers are white 

 or bright red according to Andersson bright violet, with darker veins attain a 

 diameter of 1 3-1 8 mm., and are slightly fragrant. The sexual organs are mature 

 at the time the flowers open. 



Visitors. Ekstam saw a small fly in Nova Zemlia. No visitors have been seen 

 in Spitzbergen. 



The following have been observed by Hermann Miiller (H. M.), and myself 

 (Kn.).- 



A. Coleoptera. (a) Nitidulidae : 1. Meligethes sp., freq., nect-skg. (H. M., Kn.). 

 (6) Staphylinidae : 2. Omalium florale Payk., extremely freq. (H. M.). B. Diptera. 

 (a) Bombyliidae-. 3. Bombylius discolor Mg., skg. (H. M.); 4. B. major Z., skg. 

 (H. M.). (b) Empidae: 5. Empis opaca F., skg. (H. M.). (c) Muscidae: 6. 

 Anthomyia sp., po-dvg. (H. M., Kn.). (d) Syrphidae: 7. Eristalis nemorum Z., 

 po-dvg. (H. M.) ; 8. Helophilus pendulus Z., skg. (H. M., Kn.) ; 9. Melanostoma 

 mellina Z., po-dvg. (H. M.) ; 10. Rhingia rostrata Z., freq., skg. and po-dvg. (H. M.) ; 

 11. Syrphus nitidicollis Mg., skg. and po-dvg. (H. M.); 12. S. sp. (Kn.). C. Hy- 

 menoptera. Apidae: 13. Andrena cineraria Z. $>, one individual, po-cltg. and skg. 

 (H. M.); 14. A. dorsata K. 5, skg. and po-cltg. (H. M.); 15. A. gwynana K. 5, one 

 individual, po-cltg. (H. M.) ; 16. A. parvula K. 5 and J, po-cltg. and skg. (H. M.); 

 17. Apis mellifica Z. tjf, very freq., po-cltg. or skg. (H. M., Kn.) ; 18. Bombus terrester 

 Z. 5, skg. (H. M., Kn.) ; 1 9. Halictus cylindricus F. 5, po-cltg. and skg. (H. M.) ; 

 20. Nomada lateralis Pz. 5, skg. (H. M.); 21. N. lineola Pz. $, skg. (H. M.); 22. 

 Osmia rufa Z. J, skg. (H. M.). D. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera, skg. : 23. Anthocharis 

 cardamines Z. (H. M.) ; 24. Pieris brassicae Z. (H. M.) ; 25. P. napi Z. (H. M., Kn.); 

 26. Rhodocera rhamni Z. (H. M.) ; 27. Vanessa urticae Z. (Kn.). E. Thysanoptera. 

 28. Thrips, skg. and po-dvg. (H. M.). 



Alfken noticed the following in Bremen. Apidae : 1 . Bombus derhamellus K. 5, 

 skg. ; 2. B. pomorum Pz. 5, skg. ; 3. Nomada succincta Pz. $>, skg. Also a butterfly, 

 Thecla rubi Z., skg. Rossler saw a hawk-moth, Macroglossa fuciformis Z., at 

 Wiesbaden. 



In Dumfriesshire (Scott-Elliott, 'Flora of Dumfriesshire,' p. 13), one of the 

 Bibionidae, a Muscid, 4 hover-flies, and a Lepidopterid have been recorded. 



