88 ANGIOSPERMAEDICOTYLEDONES 



H. de Vries (Ned. Kruidk. Arch. Nijmegen, 1875) in the Netherlands 

 observed a bee, Halictus quadricinctus F. 5 ; and MacLeod in Flanders noticed 

 8 bees, n flies, 4 Lepidoptera, and a beetle (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, 

 pp. 192-3). 



199. C. amara L. (Ludwig, D. bot. Monatschr., Amstadt, vi, 1888, p. 5; 

 MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, pp. 193-4; Kirchner, 'Flora 

 v. Stuttgart,' p. 291; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1296; Knuth, 

 '. Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.') The nectaries are as in C. pratensis. The flowers are 

 narrowed like a funnel below : they therefore belong to the flower class C. The six 

 stamens are almost of the same length, and diverge, the pollen-covered sides of their 

 anthers facing inwards. The pistil is barely half as long as the stamens (according 

 to Warnstorf it is of the same length). Insects probing for nectar touch the anthers 

 and stigma with opposite sides of their heads, so that cross-pollination is usually 

 effected. Self-pollination results only when they suck nectar first on the right and 

 then on the left side of the pistil. Besides hermaphrodite flowers inflorescences 

 bearing small female ones have been observed. 



Visitors. In Dumfriesshire (Scott-Elliot, 'Flora of Dumfriesshire,' p. 12), flies, 

 Lepidoptera, and beetles have been recorded. 



200. C. impatiens L. (Herm. Mtiller, ' Weit. Beob.,' I, p. 327 ; Kirchner, ' Flora 

 v. Stuttgart,' p. 292.) The white petals are very small or else absent, so that the 

 flowers are inconspicuous. There is a nectary at the base of each of the long pairs 

 of stamens, and also one at the base of each short stamen. They are united outside 

 the filaments by a prominent ridge. The stamens diverge widely outwards, and their 

 pollen-covered sides face inwards so that insects probing for nectar are likely to effect 

 cross-pollination. 



Visitors. Buddeberg in Nassau observed a bee, Andrena albicans Mull. 2, 

 skg. nectar and po-cltg. 



201. C. hirsuta L. Jordan states that the anthers are applied to the stigma, 

 so that automatic self-pollination is inevitable. 



Visitors. MacLeod in Flanders observed a short-tongued bee, a Muscid, 

 and a beetle (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 193). 



In Dumfriesshire (Scott-Elliott, ' Flora of Dumfriesshire,' p. 14), a beetle, a hover- 

 fly, and 2 Muscidae were recorded. 



202. C. latifolia Vahl. The lilac flowers have concealed nectar. 

 Visitors. MacLeod observed 2 butterflies in the Pyrenees. 



203. C. bellidifolia L. In Greenland according to Warming the flowers 

 are autogamous, the anthers being for some time closely opposed to the stigma. 



Ekstam states that in Nova Zemlia the odourless flowers are protogynous- 

 homogamous, and self-pollination is inevitable. According to Kjellman their diameter 

 in Arctic Siberia is 8 mm. 



This species flowers in Spitzbergen from the end of June to the end of August : 

 at the end of this period ripe fruits have been observed ; the pollen is abundant and 

 normal (Andersson and Hesselman, op. cit., pp. 33-4). The homogamous flowers 

 are faintly odorous, and have a diameter of 5-7 mm. (Ekstam, op. cit., p. 19). 



Visitors. None were observed in Spitzbergen. 



