n8 ANGIOSPERMAEDICOTYLEDONES 



and the six small green nectaries situated outside and between the bases of the six 

 stamens are readily accessible even to short-tongued insects. The anthers project 

 beyond the stigma and are turned towards it, but automatic self-pollination is at first 

 prevented by the filaments curving outwards. Insects visiting the flower at this stage 

 will touch the stigma and the pollen with different sides of their body, and may easily 

 effect cross-pollination. At a later stage the parts of the flower are somewhat closer 

 together, reducing the diameter to 4-5 mm. At the same time the anthers approach 

 the stigma so closely that automatic self-pollination must result. According to Kerner, 

 the flower is slightly protogynous. The same authority states that the anthers of the 

 long stamens conceal themselves behind the petals during the first stage of anthesis, 

 so that they cannot be touched by insect visitors. 



Visitors. Redtenbacher noticed in Austria a Nitidulid, Meligethes lepidii 

 Mill., and an Oedemerid, Nacerdes viridipes, Schmidt. Schletterer observed the 

 following bees at Pola. 1. Halictus interruptus Pz. ; 2. H. malachurus K.\ and 

 3. H. minutus K. 



293. L. sativum L. (Herm. Miiller, ' Fertilisation,' pp. 110-11, 'Weit. Beob.,' 

 II, p. 204 ; Kirchner, ' Flora v. Stuttgart,' p. 310; Kerner, 'Nat. Hist. PI.,' Eng. Ed. i, 

 II, p. 508.) The white flowers are inconspicuous, but being strongly odorous are 

 readily discovered and much visited by insects. The four nectaries are situated 

 in the intervals between the long and short stamens. The anthers dehisce introrsely, 

 but in sunny weather they curve so far outwards that automatic self-pollination 

 cannot take place, though cross-pollination may be effected by insect visitors. In 

 dull weather, or failing insect-visits, autogamy obtains as a last result by closure 

 of the flowers. Kerner states that the species is slightly protogynous. 



Visitors. Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Buddeberg (Budd.) observed the 

 following. 



A. Coleoptera. (a) Dermestidae : 1. Andrenus pimpinellae F. (H. M.). (6) 

 Telephoridae: 2. Anthocomus fasciatus Z. (H. M.); 3. Dasytes plumbeus Mull. F. 

 (H. M.) ; 4. Malachius bipustulatus F., gnawing anthers and petals (H. M.). B. Di- 

 ptera. (a) Bombyliidae : 5. Argyromoeba sinuata Fall. (H. M.). (5) Muscidae: 6. 

 Siphona cristata F. (H. M.). (c ) Syrphidae : 7. Ascia podagrica F., very freq., skg. 

 and po-dvg. (H. M.) ; 8. Eristalis arbustorum Z., skg. and po-dvg. (H. M.) ; 9. E. 

 nemorum Z., ditto (H. M.); 10. E. sepulcralis Z., ditto (H. M.); 11. Helophilus 

 floreus Z., ditto (H. M.); 12. Melithreptus taeniatus Mg., ditto (H. M.); 13. Pipiza 

 chalybeata Mg., ditto (H. M.); 14. Syritta pipiens Z., freq., ditto (H. M.). C. 

 Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 15. Andrena carbonaria Z. F. $ (H. M.); 16. A. 

 parvula K. 5, skg. (H. M.); 17. Halictus lucidulus Schenck j, skg. (H. M.); 18. H. 

 nitidiusculus K. 5, skg. (H. M.); 19. Prosopis bipunctata F. S, skg. (Budd.); 20. 

 P. communis Nyl. J and 5, ditto (H. M.); 21. P. hyalinata Sm., 5 and $>, very freq., 

 skg. and po-cltg. (H. M.). (5) Chrysididae : 22. Hedychrum nobile Scop. F. $ (H. M.). 

 (c) Ichneumonidae : 23. An undetermined sp., occasional (H. M.). (d) Sphegidae: 

 24. Cerceris rybiensis Z., very freq. (H. M.) ; 25. Pemphredon unicolor F. (H. M.); 

 26. Oxybelus bellus Dahlb., freq. (H. M.); 27. O. uniglumis Z., very freq. (H. M.). 

 D. Lepidoptera : 28. Sesia tipuliformis CI., skg. repeatedly (H. M.). 



294. L. ruderale L. (Kirchner, 'Flora v. Stuttgart,' p. 310; Knuth, 'Bl. u. 

 Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' p. 30; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ges., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.) 

 The small greenish-white flowers only occasionally possess petals. Of the original 

 six stamens only the two short ones are retained, a small nectary taking the place 



