VIOLARIEAE 



139 



MacLeod noticed 3 humble-bees, Anthophora, an ant, and a beetle in Flanders 

 (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 223). 



Burkill (' Fertlsn. of Spring Fls.') observed the following on the Yorkshire 

 coast. 



A. Diptera. Muscidae : 1 . Cephalia nigripes Mg., skg. B. Hymenoptera. 

 Apidae: 2. Bombus terrester Z., skg. 



In Dumfriesshire 2 humble-bees, an Empid, and a hover-fly have been recorded 

 (Scott-Elliot, 'Flora of Dumfriesshire,' p. 21). 



348. V. canina x stagnina Ritschl. (Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 

 1896.) Both chasmogamous and cleistogamous flowers are present. The former 

 are borne on distinctly four-winged peduncles, up to 70 mm. in length. They are 

 bright blue; the lower and two lateral petals are marked with dark violet veins; 

 the spur is blunt, grooved at the tip, greenish-yellow, quite or nearly as long as the 

 appendages of the sepals ; the 



stigma projects 1 mm. beyond 

 the cone of anthers. The cleis- 

 togamous flowers which are 

 situated in the leaf-axils of the 

 upper branches have very 

 short peduncles, are destitute 

 of corolla, and the anthers of 

 their broad leaf-like stamens 

 are extremely small. The spurs 

 of the chasmogamous flowers 

 are almost always broken. 



349. V. calcarata L. 

 This species bears Lepidopterid 

 flowers (Herm. Miiller, ' Alpen- 

 blumen,'pp. 154-6), with a spur 

 13-25 mm. long (Fig.37). The 

 nectar is concealed in the end 

 of the spur, and is only readily 

 accessible to Lepidoptera. 

 Autogamy is excluded. Kerner 

 says that the flowers are blue 

 in the West-Central Alps and 

 yellowish in Carniola. 



Visitors. These are partly moths, partly butterflies, according to the length of 

 the spur. The varieties with the longest spurs can only be properly sucked by 

 a diurnal moth Macroglossa stellatarum L., with a proboscis 25-8 mm. long. 

 This insect appears to be the most successful pollinator. Hermann Miiller, for 

 instance, saw it visit and pollinate in 6f minutes, no less than 194 flowers belonging 

 to different plants. 



350. V. biflora L. This species bears fly-flowers (Herm. Miiller, 'Alpenblumen,' 

 pp. 152-4). The spur is so short that a proboscis not more than 2 or 3 mm. long 



Fig. 38. Viola biflora, L. (after Herm. Miiller). A. Front view 

 of flower ( X 3}). B. Section of flower, omitting th nectar-guides 

 (X 7). C. One of the stamens with a nectary (), seen from the 



inner side. D. Outer side of the same. E. Pistil seen from below, 

 F. Lateral view of the same. G. Stamens and pistil, seen from 

 above, fl, filament : a, anther ; c, appendage of connective : , 

 nectary. 



