CARYOPHYLLEAE 



153 



1884), there are purely female flowers in addition to the hermaphrodite ones. In 

 the Botanic Gardens of both Marburg and Gottingen the size of these is very 

 variable. Nectar is very abundantly secreted. 



Visitors. Schulz at Bozen observed numerous flies (30 species), some of 

 the smaller bees (about the same number of species) and Lepidoptera, and also 

 some beetles. 



Loew noticed the bee Halictus minutissimus K. J, skg., in the Berlin Botanic 

 Garden, and Schletterer saw the following bees at Pola : 1. Andrena nana K. ; 2. A. 

 parvula K. ; 3. Halictus morio F. 



380. T. prolifera (=Dianthus prolifer .). (Schulz, 'Beitrage,' II, p. 21; 

 Kerner, 'Nat. Hist. PI.,' Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 213, 298.) This plant also according 

 to Schulz is gynodioecious and gynomonoecious. The flowers are homogamous 

 at Halle and Bozen so that automatic self-pollination regularly takes place. This 

 only is of importance, for the small inconspicuous flowers produce but little nectar 

 and have few insect visitors some nectar-sucking butterflies and pollen-devouring 

 flies. Further, according to Kerner, the anthesis lasts but two days, and the 

 flowers are only open from 8 a.m. till 1 p.m. 



Visitors. Vide supra. 



117. Dianthus L. 



The protandrous flowers are usually large, and often beautifully coloured. 

 The claws of the petals are long and winged. They are held together so as to 

 form a long tube by the calyx, which is usually surrounded by tough granular 





Fig. 46. Dianthus deltoides, L. (after Herm. Miiller). (i) Flower in the first (male) condition, seen 

 from above. Five anthers covered with pollen protrude from the flowers ; two that have not yet dehisced 

 are visible in the mouth of the tube. (2) Pistil at the end of the first stage. All the anthers have dehisced, 

 and the two styles are still twisted together. (3) The same, with the bases of stamens and petals (more 

 highly magnified) : a, nectary; c, petals; 6, filaments. (4) Flower in the second (female) condition after 

 removal of the petals, seen from the side. Most of the anthers have fallen off, and the styles have 

 separated. (5) Pistil of the same flower. The separated styles retain their spiral form, so that stigmatic 

 papillae are turned towards all sides. 



bracts, serving as a protection against the bites of humble-bees trying to break 

 in laterally. Nectar is secreted and concealed at the bottom of the corolla-tube, 

 which is usually so long and narrow that it is accessible only to Lepidoptera, some- 



