CAR YOPHYLLEAE 1 67 



Visitors. Only Thrips (larvae and adults) has so far been observed. 



421. S. Bastardi Bor. 



Visitors. Loew observed the bee Halictus sexnotatus K. 5 creeping into the 

 flower in the Berlin Botanic Garden. 



422. S. petraea. Lalanne and Caille (Actes soc. linn., Bordeaux, lxi, 1887), 

 states that this species is dimorphous. 



122. Viscaria Riv. 



Protandrous butterfly flowers, more rarely homogamous or protogynous. Petals 

 red, with corona and linear claws. Gynomonoecious and gynodioecious, rarely 

 androdioecious or andromonoecious. 



423. V. vulgaris Roehl. (= Lychnis Viscaria Z.). (Herm. Muller, ' Weit. Beob.,' 

 II, pp. 233-4 ; A. Schulz, ' Beitrage,' II, p. 32 ; Kirchner, ' Flora v. Stuttgart,' p. 250 ; 

 Knuth, ' Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen '; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.) 

 This species bears protandrous butterfly flowers. The red calyx helps to make the 

 flower conspicuous. It is 13 mm. long, but a proboscis of 7-8 mm. is able to reach 

 the nectar without forcing open the mouth of the flower, for the floral axis is 

 prolonged 5 mm. beyond the insertion of the calyx before the petals, stamens, and 

 pistil take origin from it. The rose-red stellate corolla is 18-20 mm. in diameter. 

 The claw of each petal is prolonged into a deeply bifid ligule 3 mm. long, and which 

 is curved outwards in such a way that the entrance of the flower is widened to the 

 extent of 3-5 mm. At the commencement of the anthesis of the hermaphrodite 

 blossom, the five outer stamens, their anthers covered with pollen, are situated 

 between the ligules. The anthers of the five inner stamens which dehisce either 

 somewhat later or else simultaneously are placed rather further down in the mouth 

 of the corolla-tube. When the anthers have shed their pollen, the filaments bend 

 outwards and downwards beyond the corolla, while the styles elongate so that the 

 stigmas come to lie above the tips of the ligules. According to Schulz, the herma- 

 phrodite flowers are sometimes homogamous. Besides the bisexual blossoms, uni- 

 sexual ones have been observed (female, rarely male) on the same or on different 

 stocks (gynomonoecism, gynodioecism, rarely andromonoecism and androdioecism). 

 According to Schulz, the stigmas of purely female flowers do not mature till after the 

 beginning of anthesis. 



Warnstorf states that larger and smaller flowers occur at Ruppin. The former 

 are completely hermaphrodite and protandrous. At the time when the pollen is 

 ripe, the styles are still very short, the long stamens with their lilac anthers projecting 

 far beyond them. They elongate subsequently, and protrude far out of the 

 flower. The smaller flowers are at first imperfectly hermaphrodite, afterwards 

 becoming purely female by the absorption of the small yellow anthers of the short 

 stamens, beyond which the styles always project. The pollen-grains of the normal 

 anthers are spherical, white, transparent, almost smooth, and measure about 

 31-37-5 /*, rarely as much as 50 /* in diameter; while those of the vestigial anthers 

 of the smaller flowers are rounded-polyhedral, delicately papillose, and only about 

 25 fi in diameter. 



