168 ANGIOSPERMAEDICOTYLEDONES 



Visitors. Schulz observed numerous butterflies in the Tyrol, and also flies as 

 unbidden guests. Herm. Muller in Westphalia saw a few Lepidoptera effecting 

 cross-pollination (Ino statices Z. and I. pruni Schiff., skg.), and as unbidden guests 

 certain Sphegidae (Gorytes quinquecinctus F. 5) and beetles (Meligethes). 



In Thuringia I observed two humble-bees (Bombus soroensis F., var. proteus, 

 Gerst. 5, and B. terrester Z. 5, both skg.). Loew noticed Pieris brassicae ., skg., in 

 the Berlin Botanic Garden. 



424. V. alpina Don. (Axell ' Om Anord. for Fanerog. Vaxt. Befrukt.,' p. 33 ; 

 Kerner, 'Nat. Hist. PI.,' Eng. Ed. 1, II; Kirchner, 'Beitrage,' p. 17.) This species 

 bears protandrous butterfly flowers which possess an odour of vanilla. Kirchner 

 states that they are for the most part bisexual and protandrous at Zermatt, though 

 female stocks are not infrequent. The hermaphrodite blossoms are 10-12 mm. in 

 diameter ; the female ones, in which the stamens are reduced so much that they 

 scarcely attain the length of the ovary, are 6-8 mm. in diameter. Warming, in 

 Greenland, besides plants similar to those found by Kirchner at Zermatt, also observed 

 protogynous flowers, and noted the occurrence of smaller gynodioecious female 

 flowers, as well as of intermediate forms between female and bisexual ones. It 

 is doubtful whether purely male flowers exist in Greenland. The same investigator 

 found that this plant is gynodioecious, gynomonoecious, and andromonoecious in 

 Scandinavia. The hermaphrodite flowers are capable of self-pollination in the later 

 stages of anthesis. 



Visitors. The only one hitherto observed (in Scandinavia) is a butterfly, 

 Argynnis pales Schiff. 



123. Coronaria L. 



Protandrous Lepidopterid flowers. Petals with a ligule and divided or undivided 

 limb. Nectar secretion as usual. 



425. C. Flos-cuculi A. Br. ( = Lychnis Flos-cuculi Z.). (Sprengel, ' Entd. Geh.,' 

 p. 261; Herm. Muller, 'Fertilisation,' pp. 129-30, 'Weit. Beob.,' II, p. 232; Kerner, 

 'Nat. Hist. PI.,' Eng. Ed. 1, II ; Schulz, 'Beitrage,' I, pp. 11-12 ; Loew, 'Bliitenbiol- 

 Floristik,' pp. 392, 395 ; Kirchner, 'Flora v. Stuttgart,' p. 251 ; Knuth, 'Bl. u. Insekt. 

 a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' pp. 42, 151.) The flesh-coloured protandrous flowers, devoid of 

 nectar-guides, secrete nectar at the base of the stamens. The calyx is 6-7 mm. long, 

 with teeth 3 mm. in length, and holds together the claws of the petals. The order of 

 maturation of the stamens and carpels is as usual. The five outer stamens develop 

 first ; their anthers occupy the entrance of the flower, and turn their pollen-covered 

 sides towards the centre ; when the pollen is shed their filaments elongate and curve 

 outwards, so as to make room for the inner five stamens. The anthers of these now 

 dehisce, and fill the entrance of the flower. The five styles develop last of all, taking 

 the place of the inner stamens. Their ends are spirally twisted, so that the proboscis 

 of an insect, when inserted into the flower, must touch them. Automatic self-pollina- 

 tion may be effected by contact with the stigmas of pollen-grains which have 

 remained clinging to the edge of the corolla-tube. 



Besides protandrous hermaphrodite flowers, female or male ones have also been 

 observed, these being gynodioecious and gynomonoecious, or more rarely androdioe- 

 cious and andromonoecious. In the female flowers, according to Schulz, the stigmas 



