182 ANGIOSPERMAEDICOTYLEDONES 



Visitors. Those observed by Muiler and A. Schulz in the Alps were chiefly 

 Diptera (Muscidae, Syrphidae, Empidae, Bombyliidae), some beetles, ants, and 

 Lepidoptera (Pyralidae). MacLeod also saw Diptera in the Pyrenees (Bot. Jaarb. 

 Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, pp. 379-81). 



452. A. recurva Wahlenb. (Herm. Muiler, 'Alpenblumen,' p. 182.) Hermann 

 Muiler says that some of the flowers remain open, while others half close. 



Visitors. Diptera (Syrphidae, Muscidae) and some Lepidoptera have been 

 observed in the Alps. 



453. A. stricta Wahlenb. According to Warming, the flowers of this species 

 are homogamous in Greenland and Norway. Automatic self-pollination takes place 

 and is effective, for ripe fruits are regularly produced even as far north as 

 7o-7iN. lat. 



454. A. rubella Wg. Ekstam states that the odourless, protogynous to 

 homogamous flowers of this species are 5-8 mm. in diameter in Nova Zemlia. The 

 stigmas being usually at a higher level than the anthers, self-pollination is rendered 

 difficult. 



This species flowers on Spitzbergen throughout July, and fruits are ripened very 

 early (Andersson and Hesselman, ' Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens o. Beeren 

 Eil. Karlvaxtflora,' p. 65). 



455. A. groenlandica Fenzl. In Greenland according to Warming the 

 flowers of this species are either slightly protandrous or else quite homogamous, 

 so that self-pollination is almost inevitable. 



456. A. biflora Wg. The hermaphrodite flowers of this species are protandrous 

 on the Dovrefjeld, but automatic self-pollination takes place when the flowers close. 

 The plants examined in Greenland by Warming bore slightly protandrous, homo- 

 gamous, or even slightly protogynous hermaphrodite flowers, in which automatic 

 self-pollination necessarily occurred. This resulted in the abundant production of 

 fruits. In Spitzbergen the flowers are smaller, and gynodioecism has been observed 

 in Norway. 



According to Andersson and Hesselman (op. cit., p. 64), this species flowers 

 in Spitzbergen from the beginning of July till September. By the beginning of 

 August fruits are abundantly and regularly ripened. Ekstam (' Bliitenbiol. Beob. 

 a. Spitzbergen/ pp. 28-9) gives 5-7 mm. as the diameter of the flowers. There 

 appear to be variations in regard to the maturation of the sexual organs. In 

 Greenland specimens the petals are about half as long again as the calyx (Abromeit, 

 'Bot. Ergeb. v. Drygalski's Gronlandsexped.,' p. 17). 



457. A. Rossii Fenzl. This species has only once been found in flower in 

 Spitzbergen (Andersson and Hesselman, op. cit., p. 64). 



131. Honckenya Ehrh. 

 Flowers white, protandrous, with half-concealed nectar secreted as usual. 



458. H. peploides Ehrh. (=Ammodenia peploides Hup., Arenaria peploides Z., 

 and Halianthus peploides Fries). The plants examined by me in the North Frisian 

 Islands ('Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' p. 44) spread out their flowers in the 



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