CARYOPHYLLEAE 189 



Hermann Miiller states that the flower mechanism of this species agrees in the 

 main with that of S. graminea, but the flowers are larger, and insect visitors are 

 consequently more numerous. The nectaries are yellow. During anthesis, the five 

 outer and the five inner stamens successively occupy the middle of the flower, those 

 which are not dehiscing being curved outwards. Besides hermaphrodite flowers, 

 female ones have been observed, and also transitional forms; e.g. MacLeod in 

 Belgium noticed flowers with partly reduced stamens. Schulz states that the 

 female blossoms are distributed gynodioeciously, or more rarely gynomonoeciously. 

 In addition to the protandrous hermaphrodite flowers, Schulz describes homogamous 

 ones in which automatic self-pollination is inevitable. 



Visitors. Herm. Miiller (H. M.), Borgstette (B.), Buddeberg (Budd.), and 

 myself (Kn.) have observed the following in Central and North Germany. 



A. Coleoptera. (a) Nitidulidae : 1. Meligethes, freq., skg. (H. M., Kn.). 

 (6) Oedemeridae : 2. Oedemera virescens L. (B.). B. Diptera. (a) Bombyliidae : 

 3. Bombylius canescens Mik., skg. (Budd.) ; 4. B. major Z., skg. (Kn.). (d) Empidae : 

 5. Empis ciliata F. 5, skg. and po-dvg. (Budd.); 6. E. opaca F, skg. (H. M.); 7. 

 E. tessellata F., skg. (H. M.). (c) Muscidae : 8. Anthomyia sp., skg. (H. M.) ; 9. 

 Hydrotaea dentipes F, skg. (H. M.) ; 10. Scatophaga merdaria Z., skg. (Kn.) ; 

 11. Siphona geniculata Deg., skg. (H. M.). (d) Syrphtdae: 12. Eristalis arbustorum 

 Z., skg. and po-dvg. (H. M.); 13. E. nemorum Z., ditto (Kn.); 14. Platycheirus 

 peltatus Mg., ditto (H. M.); 15. Rhingia rostrata Z., ditto (Kn.); 16. Syrphus 

 balteatus Deg., ditto (Kn.) ; 17. S. ribesii Z., freq., ditto (H. M.). C. Hymenoptera. 

 (a) Aptdae: 18. Andrena cineraria Z. $, skg. (H. M., Budd.); 19. A. parvula K. 5, 

 skg. (H. M.); 20. A. gwynana K. 5. skg. (H. M.) ; 21. A. labiata Schenck et Nyl. 5, 

 skg. (Budd.) ; 22. Apis mellifica Z. $f> skg. (H. M., Kn.) ; 23. Halictus cylindricus F. 

 $, skg. (H. M., Budd., Kn.); 24. H. albipes K. 5, skg. and po-cltg. (Budd.); 25. 

 H. flavipes F. 5, skg. (Budd.); 26. H. nitidiusculus K. 5, skg. (Budd.); 27. H. rubi- 

 cundus Chr. $, skg. (Budd.); 28. Nomada flavoguttata K. 5, skg. (H. M., Budd.); 

 29. N. ruficornis Z. 5, skg. (H. M., Budd.). (5) Tenthredinidae: 30. Cephus pallipes 

 KL, skg. (H. M.). D. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera : 31. Pieris napi Z., skg. (H. M.) ; 

 32. P. rapae Z., skg. (H. M.). E. Thysanoptera. 33. Thrips, freq. (H. M.). 



Alfken noticed the following at Bremen. A. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 1. 

 Andrena chrysopyga Schenck 5, skg.; 2. Nomada bifida Ths., skg.; 3. N. flavoguttata 

 K. j and S, skg. B. Diptera. Syrphtdae : 4. Platycheirus albimanus F. 



Schenck saw the bee Andrena cingulata F. in Nassau, and Rossler the moth 

 Asychna modestella Dup. at Wiesbaden. 



MacLeod observed 6 hover-flies, 1 2 other Diptera, 2 beetles, and 3 Lepidoptera 

 in Flanders (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, pp. 162-3); a bee, 3 Syrphidae, 

 and 4 Muscidae in the Pyrenees (op. cit., iii, 1891, p. 378). 



In Dumfriesshire, several flies, Meligethes, and another beetle have been recorded 

 (Scott-Elliot, 'Flora of Dumfriesshire/ p. 30). 



Burkill (' Fertlsn. of Spring Flowers ') noticed a Muscid Sepsis nigripes Mg. 

 on the coast of Yorkshire. 



470. S. scapigera Willd. Breitenbach found this species to be gynodimor- 

 phous in the Marburg Botanic Garden and Gottingen (Kosmos, Stuttgart, xiv, 1884). 



471. S. media Cyrill. (Herm. Miiller, ' Fertilisation,' pp. 135-6 ; ' Weit. Beob.,' 

 II, p. 228; Schulz, 'Beitrage,' I, p. 20; Knuth, 'Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' 

 pp. 45, 151; ' Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen'; Kirchner, 'Flora v. Stuttgart,' p. 237; 



