CAR YOPH YLLEAE 



199 



Visitors. Herm. Miiller observed only Diptera chiefly Syrphidae and 

 Muscidae, together with some Empidae. 



494. C. latifolium L. (Herm. Miiller, 'Alpenblumen,' pp. 189-90.) Hermann 

 Miiller describes the flowers of this species as protandrous, though A. Schulz says 

 that they are also homogamous. Even in the former case automatic self-pollination 

 is possible (see Fig. 59). Dovrefjeld plants are autogamous and slightly protandrous ; 

 Warming once observed slight protogyny. Kerner considers that the sticky calyx 

 serves to protect the flowers against creeping animals. Besides hermaphrodite 

 flowers, Schulz has observed female ones, distributed gynodioeciously, or more 

 rarely gynomonoeciously. 



Visitors. Herm. Miiller chiefly observed Diptera (8 species) in the Alps, 

 where he also saw various bees (Halictoides), beetles (1), and Lepidoptera (4). 



Fig. 59. Cerastium latifolium, L. (after Herm. Miiller). A. Flower in the first (male) stage. 

 B. Flower in the second (bi-sexual) stage (x 7). C. Stamens and carpels of A (x 7). 



495. C. alpinum L. (=C. lanatum Lam.). Besides the protandrous, ulti- 

 mately homogamous hermaphrodite flowers described by Kerner ( c Nat. Hist. PI.,' 

 Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 355), F. Ludwig observed female ones in the Alps, distributed 

 gynodioeciously. On the Dovrefjeld the flowers are at first protandrous, and self- 

 pollination is not effected until the stigmas bend back so as to come into contact 

 with the anthers (Lindman). According to Warming, the flowers are also pro- 

 tandrous in Greenland and Spitzbergen, but to such a slight extent that homogamy 

 and automatic self-pollination very soon obtain, sometimes even in the half- 

 opened bud. As Warming in Greenland found the stigmas of the gynodioeciously 

 or gynomonoeciously distributed female flowers covered with pollen, they must 

 have been visited by insects. Ekstam gives the diameter of the protandrous- 

 homogamous, or homogamous flowers as 10-20 mm. for Nova Zemlia. In the 



