GERANIACEAE 223 



6. Ascia podagrica F. ; 7. Chrysotoxum bicinctum L. ; 8. Helophilus floreus Z.; 

 9. Melithreptus pictus i^-. ; 10. M. taeniatus ./J/J^. ; it, Pelecocera tricincta Mg.; 

 1 2. Rhingia rostrata Z. ; 13. Syrphus balteatus Deg. ; 14. S. pyrastri Z. ; 15. S. ribesii 

 Z. : all skg. C. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae: 16. Andrena dorsata K. 5 ; 17. A. 

 fulvago Chr. 5; 18. A. gwynana K. 5 and J; 19. A. parvula Z'. 5; 20. Chelostoma 

 nigricorne Z. 5; 21. Halictus cylindricus F. $>; 22. H. maculatus Sm. 5; 23. H. 

 smeathmanellus K. 5; 24. Osmia fusca Chr. 5; 25. Sphecodes gibbus Z. j: all skg. 

 {b) Sphegidae: 26. Ammophila sabulosa Z. (c) Vespidae: 27. Odynerus spinipes Z. 



MacLeod observed 5 Hymenoptera, 2 species of Bombylius, 2 species of Empis, 

 and 2 Muscidae, in the Pyrenees (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 401). 

 Loew saw the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden. 



A. Diptera. {a) Muscidae \ 1. Anthomyia sp., skg. {b) Syrphidae: 2. Syrphus 

 pyrastri Z., hovering for a long time in front of a flower, and then skg. B. Hymeno- 

 ptera. Apidae : 3. Apis mellifica Z. |jf, skg. ; 4. Bombus lapidarius Z. g, do. ; 

 5. Stelis phaeoptera K. 5, do. 



563. G. cinereum Cav. MacLeod states that this Pyrenean species possesses 

 thoroughly protandrous flowers (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, pp. 403-5). 

 Their diameter when fully expanded is 3-3^ cm. The petals are dark violet 

 with numerous violet veins. The stamens are at first curved outwards, with their 

 anthers still closed. They then become erect, and the pollen is shed. After dehi- 

 scence, the stamens again curve outwards, and the stigmas unfold. Self-pollination 

 is consequently prevented. Besides hermaphrodite flowers, MacLeod observed smaller 

 female ones, distributed gynodioeciously. Their filaments, though devoid of anthers, 

 executed the same movements as those of hermaphrodite blossoms. They even 

 retain protandry, for the stigmas remain apposed until the flower has been open 

 for some time. This arrangement, as MacLeod points out, is not merely useless 

 but even injurious. For it exposes the stigmas and nectar for a while to wind 

 and rain. 



Visitors. MacLeod observed bees (Bombus), Lepidoptera (Pyralidae), Syrphidae 

 (Eristalis), Empidae, and, more particularly, Muscidae (species of Anthomyia). 



564. G. phaeum L. (Ricca, ' Oss. sulla fecondaz. incroc. d. veget. alp. e 

 subalp. '; MacLeod, ' Pyrenee'nbl.,' p. 130; Schulz, 'Beitrage/ II, p. 184; Kirchner, 

 4 Flora v. Stuttgart,' pp. 336-7 ; Errera, ' Geranium phaeum ' ; Knuth, ' Bloemenbiol. 

 Bijdragen.') According to MacLeod, the dark reddish-brown or violet blossoms 

 of this species are bee flowers. It is true that the nectar is not more deeply placed 

 than in the other large-flowered species of geranium, but the blossoms are vertical, or 

 even slightly pendulous. In consequence of this position, they can only be sucked 

 by very skilful visitors, such as bees. Kirchner says that they are markedly pro- 

 tandrous. At the beginning of anthesis, the petals spread out to form a surface 

 22 mm. across, but soon recurve so much that the diameter is reduced to 18 mm., 

 and the stamens and stigmas successively project freely. The nectaries are situated, 

 as usual, outside the bases of the stamens which alternate with the petals. They 

 are from the first protected from rain by the corolla, for though the claws of the 

 petals are vertical the lower part of the limbs arches over the nectary to form a 

 roof. The stamens mature successively, the inner ones first. At first they all curve 

 towards the base of the flower, but when the anthers dehisce, the filaments straighten 

 out, and project horizontally from the flower for about 10 mm. The anthers fall 



