GERAN1ACEAE 225 



In this species again the access of creeping insects to the flowers is prevented 

 by the glandular character of the calyx. 



567. G. lucidum L. Kerner states that the small flowers of this species are 

 open from 7 a.m. to 8 p.m. Besides the protogynous hermaphrodite flowers capable 

 of self-pollination there are female ones distributed gynomonoeciously. 



Visitors. In Dumfriesshire 6 hover-flies have been recorded (Scott-Elliot, 

 'Flora of Dumfriesshire,' p. 38). 



568. G. columbinum L. Each of the bright rose-coloured petals of this 

 species is marked with three dark veins that serve as nectar-guides. Kerner says 

 that the flowers are open from 8 a.m. till 5 p.m. Their mechanism seems to vary, 

 for while Kerner describes them as protogynous and autogamous, Schulz (' Beitrage,' 

 II, p. 185) asserts that they are slightly protandrous. According to the latter there 

 are female flowers as well as hermaphrodite ones, distributed gynodioeciously and 

 gynomonoeciously. 



569. G. rotundifolium L. The flowers of this species studied by A. Schulz 

 (' Beitrage,' II, p. 56) at Bozen, were red, and measured about 5-7 mm. across when 

 expanded. Soon after anthesis the outer anthers mature, and the inner anthers 

 do not dehisce as a rule until these have shed their pollen. The stigmas are at 

 the same level as the anthers, and mature simultaneously, so that, failing insect-visits, 

 automatic self-pollination is inevitable. Owing to the inconspicuousness of the 



KlG. 68. Geranium ntolle, L. (after Herm. Muller). 1-5. Stamens and pistil in successive stages of 

 development, a 1 , outer stamens, with nectaries at their bases ; a", inner stamens ; st, stigmas. 



flowers, and the small amount of nectar secreted, there are but few visitors. These 

 may effect either self- or cross-pollination. 



Protection against creeping animals is afforded by glandular hairs. 



Visitors. Schulz saw occasional Diptera mostly hover-flies, e.g. Rhingia 

 and 2 Lepidoptera (Lycaena). 



F. F. Kohl observed the wasp Odynerus tarsatus Sattss. in the Tyrol. 



570. G. molle L. (Sprengel, ' Entd. Geh.,' p. 338 ; Herm. Muller, ' Fertilisa- 

 tion,' pp. 153-4, 'Weit. Beob.,' II, p. 217; Kirchner, 'Flora v. Stuttgart,' p. 340; 

 Knuth, 'Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' p. 51, 'Bliitenbiol. Notizen'; MacLeod, 

 Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, pp. 230-3; Loew, 'Bltitenbiol. Floristik/ 

 p. 398; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.) The rose-coloured 

 flowers of this species are slightly protandrous. When the flower opens, the stigmatic 

 branches are apposed, so that their receptive parts are covered. The still immature 

 anthers are directed outwards. The outer stamens now bend inwards in succession, 

 their anthers resting on the pistil, and there dehiscing. As the top of the stigmatic 



