LEGUMINOSAE 259 



coloured disk in the base of the flower, and the nectar lies exposed, so that it is 

 accessible even to very short-tongued insects. Hermann Miiller states that visitors 

 chiefly effect cross-pollination in hermaphrodite flowers, owing to the fact that 

 there is a tolerably large interval between anthers and stigmas. 



Visitors. In Westphalia Herm. Miiller chiefly observed Diptera and short- 

 tongued Hymenoptera, but only very few beetles, which do not seem to care much 

 for the dull yellow colour of the flowers. Schulz, on the other hand, saw numerous 

 beetles in the Tyrol, as well as Diptera, wasps, ichneumon-flies, and other short- 

 tongued Hymenoptera. These were so numerous that, on one small bush, he 

 captured 350 individuals belonging to about fifty species in half an hour. 



Hermann Miiller' s list is as follows. 



A. Coleoptera. Dermestidae: 1. Andrenus pimpinellae F. } nect-lkg. B. Di- 

 ptera. (a) Muscidae : 2. Calliphora erythrocephala Mg.; 3. Lucilia cornicina F., skg.; 

 4. Sarcophaga carnaria Z. (b) Syrphidae : 5. Helophilus floreus Z., very freq., skg. 

 and po-dvg. ; 6. H. pendulus Z., do. ; 7. Syritta pipiens Z., do. C. Hymenoptera. 

 (a) Apidae : 8. Andrena albicans Mull. $, po-cltg. ; 9. Apis mellifica Z. tjf> skg. ; 

 10. Halictus sexnotatus K. 5, do.; n. H. sexstrigatus Schenck 5, do. (6) Sphegidae: 

 12. Gorytes campestris Z., nect-lkg.; 13. Oxybelus uniglumis Z., do. (c) Tenthre- 

 dinidae: 14. Allantus marginellus F., nect-lkg. {d) Vespidae: 15. Eumenes pomi- 

 formis F., nect-lkg. ; 16. Odynerus sinuatus F., do. ; 17. O. spinipes Z., do. 



638. R. typhina L. (Herm. Miiller, 'Fertilisation,' p. 167.) The dioecious 

 flowers of this species are moderately conspicuous, and secrete nectar that is 

 accessible to all. 



Visitors. Herm. Miiller observed certain nect-skg. bees Apis, Prosopis 

 communis Nyl. $ and &", skg. and a Neuropterid, Panorpa communis Z., skg. 



XXXIII. ORDER LEGUMINOSAE. 

 1. Sub-order Papilionaceae. 



Literature. Sprengel, 'Entd. Geh.,' pp. 358-9; Herm. Miiller, 'Fertilisation,' 

 pp. 167-220; Delpino, 'Sugli appar. d. fecondaz. nella piante autocarp.,' pp. 24-8, 

 *Ult. Oss.,' pp. 39-66; Kirchner, 'Flora v. Stuttgart,' pp. 467-8; Loew, in Engler 

 and Prantl, ' D. nat. Pflanzenfam.,' Ill, 3, pp. 88 et seq. ; Knuth, ' Flora v. Schleswig- 

 Holstein,' p. 231, ' Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' pp. 53-5, 'Grundriss d. Bliiten- 

 biol.,' pp. 40-2. 



C. K. Sprengel long ago described the uses of the individual parts of the 

 papilionaceous flower. But he did not understand the various special adaptations 

 presented, and for an explanation of these we are indebted to F. Delpino and 

 Hermann Miiller. In the following descriptions the admirable accounts of the 

 latter will be followed so far as possible. All the papilionaceous species indigenous 

 to Germany bear homogamous, rarely slightly protandrous bee flowers 1 (in the 

 wider sense). 



The characteristically shaped, usually brightly coloured flowers are often aggre- 

 gated into very conspicuous racemose, or capitulate inflorescences, admirably adapted 



1 For this reason the Hymenoptera will be placed first in some of the lists of visitors. 



S 2 



