288 ANGIOSPERMAEDICOTYLEDONES 



i. Apis mellifica Z. $j (and in Sylt); 2. Bombus lapidarius L. 5; 3. B. sylvarum 

 Z. 5. In the island Langeness (the Halligen), so far as I was able to observe, the 

 only pollinator is Anthophora quadrimaculata Pz. $. 



In Westphalia Hermann Miiller only noticed the honey-bee, passing from 

 T. fragiferum to T. repens, and vice versa. 



Alfken saw the humble-bee Bombus terrester Z. 5 in Juist ; also at Bremen, 

 freq., skg. and po-cltg. Even when covered by his collecting-net it continued 

 quietly to collect pollen. 



Heinsius observed two bees in Holland. 



1. Apis mellifica Z. |jf ; 2. Bombus lapidarius Z. J and %. 



MacLeod records Bombus lapidarius Z. jjj for Flanders (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, 

 Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 346), and Schiner the Muscid Ocyptera pusilla Mg., vainly trying 

 to suck, for Austria. 



688. T. montanum L. (Herm. Miiller, 'Fertilisation/ p. 181, 'Weit. Beob.,' 

 II, pp. 250-2, ' Alpenblumen,' p. 143.) The white flowers of this species, according 

 to Hermann Miiller, are about 5 mm. in length from the base to the tip of the carina, 

 while the calyx is 2-3 mm. long. The nectar is therefore accessible to all insects 

 with a proboscis 5 mm. in length. Bees visiting the flowers cause the reproductive 

 organs to protrude as in T. repens. Lepidoptera also effect cross-pollination, for 

 they touch the stigma and stamens as they push their proboscis along the groove of 

 the folded vexillum into the dorsal cleft of the carina. The plant is therefore adapted 

 to cross-pollination by both bees and Lepidoptera. The mechanism agrees in other 

 respects with that of T. repens, except that the rounded alar processes are more 

 feebly developed. 



Visitors. Hermann Miiller observed the honey-bee in Westphalia, and the 

 following insects in Thuringia. 



A. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae : 1. Apis mellifica Z. 5, verv freq., skg. 

 2. Bombus pratorum Z. S, skg. ; 3. Nomada roberjeotiana Pz. 5, do. ; 4. N. rufr 

 cornis Z. 5, do. (5) Sphegtdae: 5. Ammophila campestris Ltr. 5 and $, skg 

 B. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera : 6. Hesperia sylvanus Esp., skg. ; 7. Lycaena 

 aegon W. V. 5, do. ; 8. L. corydon Poda, do. ; 9. Melitaea athalia Esp., freq., skg. 

 persistently. 



Miiller saw 8 bees and 8 Lepidoptera in the Alps. Dalla Torre and 

 Schletterer noticed Bombus mastrucatus Gerst. J in the Tyrol; and MacLeod 

 records a humble-bee and an Andrena for the Pyrenees (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, 

 Ghent, iii, 1891, pp. 436-7. 



689. T. pratense L. (Darwin, 'Origin of Species,' Chap. Ill; Herm. 

 Miiller, 'Fertilisation/ pp. 184-6, 'Weit. Beob./ II, pp. 246-7 ; Lindman, ' Bidrag 

 till Kanned. om Skand. Fjallvaxt. Blomn. o. Befrukt.' ; Loew, ' Bliitenbiol. Floristik/ 

 p. 396; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, pp. 339-42; Schulz, 

 ' Beitrage/ II, p. 208 ; Kerner, ' Nat. Hist. PI./ Eng. ed. 1, II ; Knuth, ' Bl. u. Insekt. 

 a. d. nordfr. Ins./ pp. 59, 152-3/ 'Weit. Beob. ii. Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins./ 

 p. 232, 'Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. Halligen/ 'Bliitenbiol. Beob. a. d. Ins. Rttgen/ ' Bl. u. 

 Insekt. a. Helgoland/ ' Bliitenbiol. Beob. in Thtiringen/ ' Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.') 

 The red, rarely white, flowers of this species, which smell like honey, are aggregated 

 into conspicuous spherical heads, abundantly visited by insects. Herm. Miiller 



e 



