370 ANGIOSPERMAE DICOTYLEDON ES 



self-pollination takes place, and this would frequently appear to be resorted to, foi 

 Hermann Miiller only observed 2 Muscids and a micro-Lepidopterid as visitors 

 (Cf. Fig. 115.) 



Visitors. Vide supra. 



869. P. salisburgensis Haenke (=P. alpestris Hall, and P. maculata Pourr). 

 (Herm. Miiller, 'Alpenblumen,' p. 218.) The flowers of this species agree as regards 

 their mechanism with those of P. minima, but are larger, so that insect visitors arc 

 more numerous. 



Visitors. Herm. Miiller observed 8 Muscids, 7 Syrphids, 2 beetles, 3 bees 

 and 3 Lepidopterids. (Cf. P. verna.) 



MacLeod noticed a short-tongued bee, a Syrphid, and a Muscid in the Pyrenees 

 (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 431). 



In Dumfriesshire an Empid and 2 Muscids were recorded (Scott-Elliot, ' Flora 

 Dumfriesshire,' p. 58). 



870. P. aurea L. (Herm. Miiller, 'Alpenblumen,' pp. 218-19 > Schulz, 'Bei 

 trage,' II, p. 68; Loew, 'Blutenbiol. Floristik,' p. 397.) The flowers agree ii 

 mechanism with those of P. salisburgensis, but are still larger, so that the visitors ar< 

 still more numerous. Schulz observed gynomonoecism and gynodioecism, anc 

 according to him the hermaphrodite flowers in the Riesengebirge are slighth 

 protogynous. 



Visitors. Herm. Miiller observed 18 Muscids, 8 hover-flies, 3 beetles, 7 bees 

 and 15 Lepidopterids; and Loew noticed 2 hover-flies, a Muscid, a Lepidopterid 

 and a beetle. 



Loew records the following for Switzerland (' Beitrage,' p. 57). 



A. Coleoptera. Malacodermata : 1 . Dasytes alpigradus Kie sew. B. Diptera 

 (a) Muscidae: 2. Anthomyia sp. (b) Syrphidae: 3. Cheilosia brachysoma Egg- (?) 

 4. Pelecocera scaevoides Fall. C. Lepidoptera. Zygaenidae: 5. Zygaem 

 exulans Hchw. 



871. P. frigida Vill. The flower mechanism of this Alpine species, according 

 to Kirchner (' Beitrage,' p. 39), agrees essentially with that of P. minima, though th 

 corolla does not spread out flat, but is saucer-shaped. Hence the diameter 

 the flower is only 7-10 mm., although each of the yellow petals is 5 mm. long 

 The base of each petal is marked with an orange-yellow blotch. The flowers an 

 homogamous: dehiscence of the anthers begins externally, and continues centri 

 petally, so that at the beginning of anthesis cross-pollination is more readily effecte< 

 by insect-visits than in P. minima. Later on, when the anthers of the inner stamen 

 have dehisced, automatic self-pollination is inevitable. 



872. P. multifida L. The flowers of this Alpine species agree as regard 

 their mechanism (Kirchner, loc. cit.) with those of P. frigida, but all the anther 

 are ripe at the beginning of anthesis. As they are close to the stigmas automata 

 self-pollination is inevitable. 



Plants with buds, flowers, and ripe fruits were found (6. 8. '82) at Cape Thordsei 

 in Spitzbergen (Andersson and Hesselman, ' Bidrag till Kanned. om Spetsbergens c 

 Beeren Eil. Karlvaxtflora,' p. 20). 



