444 



ANGIOSPERMAEDICOTYLEDONES 



Besides the hermaphrodite stocks there are some female ones. Their flowers 

 possess stamens, but the anthers do not dehisce. Schulz observed gynomonoecism, 

 more rarely gynodioecism. 



Kerner says that the flower mechanism does not differ essentially from that 

 of E. angustifolium. 



Visitors. I observed the following at Gliicksburg (' Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen '). 



A. Diptera. Syrphidae: i. Eristalis tenax Z., po-dvg. B. Hymenoptera. 

 Apidae: 2. Apis mellifica Z. |jf, very freq., skg. and po-cltg. ; 3. Bombus agrorum 

 F. 5, skg. and po-cltg.; 4. B. sylvarum Z. 5, do.; 5. B. terrester Z. 5, do. C. Lepi- 

 doptera. 6. Pieris sp., freq., skg. 



MacLeod saw Apis, a Syrphid, a Muscid, and a Lepidopterid in Flanders 

 (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, pp. 294, 380). 



In Dumfriesshire, a humble-bee and a short-tongued bee were recorded (Scott- 

 Elliot, ' Flora of Dumfriesshire,' p. 69). 



1044. E. parviflorum Schreb. (Schulz, ' Beitrage,' I, pp. 36-7 ; Herm. Mfiller, 

 'Fertilisation,' pp. 262-3.) In this species again, according to Schulz, the length 



of the stamens and style varies, as 

 does their order of development. 

 In most cases the anthers are at 

 the same level as the end of the 

 style, or even project beyond it, 

 so that, the flowers being homo- 

 gamous, automatic self-pollination 

 is inevitable. More rarely the 

 style projects beyond the anthers, 

 and sometimes the stigmas mature 

 a little before they dehisce, but 

 the flowers are often homogamous. 

 Here again self-pollination fre- 

 quently takes place. It may be 

 effected, according to Kerner, as 

 early as the first day of anthesis. 



Hermann Miiller states that 

 the flowers are homogamous, the 

 anthers of the four short stamens being at a lower level than the stigmas, and 

 serving for cross-pollination, while those of the four long ones are at the same level 

 and bring about autogamy. When insects visit the flowers, they usually first touch 

 the stigmas, which occupy the middle of the flower, and therefore usually effect 

 cross-pollination. (Cf. Fig. 151.) 



The rather small pale-red flowers are solitary, and do not receive many visits. 

 Visitors. I have only observed the honey-bee, skg. and po-cltg. Herm. Miiller 

 only noticed the beetle Meligethes, and a butterfly (Pieris rapae Z., freq., skg.). 

 MacLeod saw Pieris sp. in Flanders (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, 

 p. 298). 



1045. E. montanum L. (Schulz, 'Beitrage,' I, p. 37.) Schulz describes the 

 flowers of this species as homogamous. Since the anthers of the long stamens 



FIG. 151. Epilobium parviflorum, Schreb. (after Herm. 

 Miiller). Flower seen from the side, after removal of the 

 greater part of the ovary, two petals and most of a sepal, a 1 

 and a-, anthers of long and short stamens ; s/, stigma. 



