VMBELLIFERAE 459 



at first turned outwards, but subsequently assume an oblique or horizontal position ; 

 they are rarely turned inwards. The filaments are somewhat sensitive. They 

 incline inwards on being touched by insects, or even spontaneously, and thickly 

 cover the stigmas with pollen, so that autogamy regularly takes place. It is always 

 effective. 



Visitors. Schulz records numerous flies, bees, and beetles for Bozen, but 

 especially the beetle Trichodes apiarius Z., which devours pollen, stamens, and 

 even petals. He found it in almost every flower, as many as 5-10 in some. 



1088. O. nana Vis. (Kerner, 'Nat. Hist. PI.,' Eng. Ed. 1, II, pp. 213, 219.) 

 This species is cultivated in the South Tyrol and in Dalmatia. Kerner describes 

 the flower as having but a short anthesis, opening between 9 and 10 a.m. and 

 losing its petals the following day. It is, however, slightly protogynous, the stigma 

 being receptive a few hours before the anthers dehisce. Towards the end of 

 anthesis, automatic self-pollination is effected, the outer anthers coming into contact 

 with the stigma, which is in the form of a sinuous thickening on the end of the style. 



XLVIII. ORDER UMBELLIFERAE JUSS. 



Literature. Sprengel, 'Entd. Geh./ pp. 153-9; Herm. Miiller, 'Fertilisation,' 

 pp. 270-1; Drude, in Engler and Prantl, 'D. nat. Pflanzenfam.,' Ill, 8, pp. 8<S 

 et seq. ; Knuth, 'Flora d. Prov. Schleswig-Holstein, &c.,' p. 326, 'Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. 

 nordfr. Ins.,' pp. 75-6, ' Grundriss d. Blutenbiol.,' pp. 59-60. 



The small flowers are aggregated into inflorescences of considerable size, which 

 are usually compound, often radially symmetrical umbels, less frequently capitula. 

 Insects can therefore see them from a distance. An additional means of attraction 

 is the aromatic odour, often very strong, which characterizes many species. Nectar 

 is secreted by an epigynous disk, and lies freely exposed in the middle of the 

 flower in umbellate species. In capitulate ones (Eryngium and the like) it is 

 concealed in the base of a tube formed by the erect petals. The flowers of most 

 Umbelliferae consequently belong to class E, but some to class S. As most species 

 are protandrous, cross-pollination by means of insects is possible. The number 

 and diversity of visits are in proportion to the conspicuousness of the inflorescences. 

 Protogyny is rare (Echinophora spinosa Z.) ; homogamy occurs here and there. 



Kerner (' Nat. Hist. PI.,' Eng. Ed. 1, II, p. 311) describes the genera Eryngium 

 and Hacquetia as protogynous, because the stamens are at first curved inward like 

 hooks, and the anthers are still closed, when the already sticky shining stigmas 

 project far out of the bud. He also (loc. cit.) describes as protogynous the species 

 of Aethusa, Astrantia, Caucalis, Pachypleurum, Scandix, and Turgenia. I cannot, 

 however, adopt Kerner's view, but agree with the following remarks made by 

 Kirchner on the subject ('Die Bliiten der Umbelliferen '). This contention of 

 Kerner's may well be called in question, for it rests on insufficient evidence, and 

 most of it is in contradiction to the observations of other careful observers, as may 

 be seen by consulting the following papers for particular genera. Aethusa : Sprengel, 

 'Entd. Geh.,' p. 153; Schulz, 'Beitrage,' II, p. 84. Astrantia: Herm. Miiller. 

 'Fertilisation,' pp. 272-3; Schulz, op. cit., I, p. 41. Caucalis: Schulz, op. cit., I. 

 p. 59. Eryngium: Herm. Miiller, op. cit., pp. 271-2; Schulz, op. cit., I, p. 42: 



