UMBELLIFERAE 



463 



2. Flowers strongly protandrous (those of the ultimate lateral umbels being 

 male by reduction). The commonest case. 



B. Flowers pleomorphous (|jj and S) in the primary umbels. 



3. Here belong the common cases of andromonoecism ; e. g. Astrantia major 

 L., Chaerophyllum aromaticum L., Scandix Pecten-Veneris L., Torilis Anthriscus 

 Bernh., and so forth. 



4. Well-marked monoecism ; e. g. Echinophora. 



5. Well-marked dioecism ; e. g. Arctopus. 



C. Flowers of the primary umbels with uniformly reduced male organs ; those of 

 the lateral umbels, on the contrary, purely male. 



6. Here belong the rare cases of trimonoecism, or of monoecious polygamy ; 

 e.g. Ferula. 



Fig. 155. Geitonogamy of Chaerophyllum aromaticum, L. (after Kerner). A. The hermaphrodite 

 flowers are open; the pseudo-hermaphrodite pollen flowers are still closed. B. The hermaphrodite 

 flowers have lost their stamens ; the pseudo-hermaphrodite pollen flowers have opened and are shedding; 

 their pollen upon the stigmas of the former. 



To division A must be added the instance of protogyny discovered by Kirchner 

 in Echinophora spinosa L. 



Drude (op. cit.) says that if all the different cases are reviewed and compared, 

 it will be recognized that the umbels of this order display a tendency to ensure 

 crossing by preponderating development of female organs in the first flowers to 

 open, and their reduction in those which bloom later. This tendency is seen 



