UMBELLIFERAE 495 



364. Pastinaca L. 



1167. P. sativa L. ( = Peucedanum sativum Benth. et Hook,/.). According 

 to Schulz ('Beitrage,' II, pp. 85, 93, 190), the yellow flowers of this species are 

 distributed andromonoeciously, and the hermaphrodite ones are protandrous. The 

 primary umbels either bear only hermaphrodite flowers, or may possess a central 

 male one, or even several such. Secondary umbels often bear marginal hermaphrodite 

 and central male flowers ; sometimes hermaphrodite ones only. Umbels of higher 

 order include numerous male flowers. Purely male umbels are rare. Warnstorf 

 says that at Ruppin the umbellules of primary umbels are hermaphrodite ; secondary 

 ones bear marginal hermaphrodite and central male flowers ; tertiary ones are almost 

 exclusively male. 



Hermann Muller states that the yellow flowers are not readily visited by beedes, 

 and Kerner says that they are especially attractive to dung-flies. 



Visitors. Herm. Muller (H. M.) and Buddeberg (Budd.) give the following 

 list (Herm. Muller, ' Fertilisation/ p. 284, ' Weit. Beob./ I, p. 306). 



A. Diptera. (a) Bombyliidae : 1. Anthrax flava Mg. (H. M.). (b) Muscidae: 

 2. Dexia rustica F. (H. M.) ; 3. Lucilia sylvarum Mg. (H. M.) ; 4. Onesia sepulcralis 

 Mg. (H. M.) ; 5. Sarcophaga carnaria L. (H. M.). (c) Syrphidae : 6. Chrysotoxum 

 bicinctum L. (H. M.); 7. Syritta pipiens L., po-dvg. (H. M., Budd.). B. Hymeno- 

 ptera. (a) Ichneumonidae : 8. Numerous species (H. M.). (b) Scoliidae : 9. Tiphia 

 femorata F. (H. M.). (c) Sphegidae : 10. Crabro sexcinctus F. J (H. M.) ; 11. Mutilla 

 europaea L. 5 (H. M.); 12. M. melanocephala F. J (Budd.). (d) Tenthredinidae : 

 13. Several species of Tenthredo (H. M.). {e) Vespidae: 14. Odynerus parietum L. 

 J (H. M.); 15. Polistes biglumis L. (H. M.); 16. P. gallica L. (H. M.). 



The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. 

 Alfken (Bremen), a Muscid (Nemoraea erythrura Mg.), a bee (Andrena austriaca 

 Pz. 5), and a saw-fly (Allantus omissus Forst.). Friese (Central Saalthal), Hymeno- 

 ptera. (a) Ichneumonidae: 1. Amblyteles fossorius (Mull.) Wesm.; 2. A. fuscipennis 

 Wesm.; 3. A. sputator (F.) Wesm.; 4. Exenterus apiarius (Gr.) Ths. ; 5. Exoechus 

 gravipes Gr. ; 6. Ichneumon similatorius (F.) Ths. ; 7. Tryphon elongator Gr. 

 (b) Muiillidae : 8. Mutilla rufipes F., var. nigra Rossi, (c) Sphegidae : 9. Salius 

 hyalinatus F. ; 10. S. versicolor Scop, (d) Vespidae: Polistes gallica L. Schiner 

 (Austria), Diptera. (a) Conopidae: 1. Conops capitatus Loew. (b) Muscidae: 

 2. Alophora hemiptera F. ; 3. Frontina laeta Mg. ; 4. Germaria ruficeps Fall.; 

 5. Nemoraea radicum F. ; 6. Phorocera punicata Mg. (c) Syrphidae : 7. Chryso- 

 toxum bicinctum L. ; 8. C. elegans Loew; 9. Eumerus sinuatus Loew; 10. Syrphus 

 cinctellus Zett. ; 11. S. cinctus Fall. F. F. Kohl (Tyrol), 2 ruby-wasps (Chrysis 

 analis Spin., and Hedychrum rutilans Dahlb.) and 3 true wasps (1. Odynerus parietum 

 L., var. renimacula Lep. ; 2. O. parvulus Lep. ; 3. O. rossi Lep.). Schletterer (Tyrol), 

 the Scoliid Tiphia femorata F. Loew (Mecklenburg), Anthomyia sp. ; (Brandenburg), 

 the bee Halictus cylindricus F. J, skg.; (Steiermark), a Sphegid (Crabro sp.). Warnstorf 

 (Brandenburg), bees, species not stated. MacLeod (Flanders), a hover-fly, 2 Muscids, 

 and a short-tongued Neuropterid (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, vi, 1894, p. 275). 



1168. P. opaca Bernh. Schulz ('Beitrage,' II, p. 180) describes this species as 

 andromonoecious, with protandrous hermaphrodite flowers. 



365. Heracleum L. 



1169. H. Sphondylium L. The odorous flowers of this species are usually 

 white and actinomorphous, but Kirchner says that they are sometimes irregular, and 



