UMBELLIFERAE 515 



Loew saw the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden. 



A. Coleoptera. (a) Coccinellidae: 1. Coccinella septempunctata L., nect-lkg. 

 (b) Scarabaeidae : 2. Cetonia aurata Z. (c) Telephoridae : 3. Malachius bipustulatus L., 

 nect-lkg. B. Diptera. (a) Bibionidae : 4. Bibio hortulanus Z. $, skg. (b) Muscidae : 

 5. Graphomyia maculata Scop. ; 6. Onesia floralis R.-D. (c) Syrphidae: 7. Eristalis 

 sepulcralis Z., skg. C. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 8. Andrena tibialis K. t>, skg.; 

 9. Apis mellifica Z., skg. and po-cltg. 



1197. C. villarsii Koch ( = C. hirsutus VtlL). According to Schulz ('Beitrage,' 

 II, pp. 89-90, 191), this species is andromonoecious, with markedly protandrous 

 hermaphrodite flowers. The primary umbels usually bear marginal hermaphrodite 

 and central male flowers ; secondary ones are chiefly male. 



Visitors. Herm. Miiller observed 9 beetles, 23 Diptera, 4 Hymenoptera, 

 3 Lepidoptera, and a Neuropterid in the Alps (' Alpenblumen,' p. 123). 



Loew, also for the Alps (Pontresina) records the following (' Beitrage,' p. 55). 



A. Coleoptera. (a) Cerambycidae : 1. Callidium violaceum Z. ; 2. Strangalia 

 melanura Z. ; 3. Tetropium luridum Z. (b) Telephoridae: 4. Dasytes alpigradus 

 Kiesw.; 5. Rhagonycha nigripes Red/.: 6. R. denticollis Schumm. B. Diptera. 

 (a) Bombyliidae: 7. Anthrax paniscus Rossi, (b) Syrphidae: 8. Chrysotoxum 

 vernale Lw. ; 9. Eristalis tenax Z. ; 10. Volucella bombylans K. (c) Tabanidae : 

 11. Tabanus borealis F. $. C. Hymenoptera. Tenthredinidae : 12. Tenthredo 

 sp. D. Lepidoptera. (a) Geometridae: 13. Odezia atrata Z. {b) Nochiidae: 

 14. Undetermined sp. 



377. Echinophora Tourn. 



1198. E. spinosa L. (Kirchner, 'D. Bluten d. Umbelliferen.') This white- 

 flowered species, which resembles a thistle in habit, is common on the Lido at Venice. 

 The umbels are flat or somewhat convex; each umbellule includes about twelve 

 flowers, but marginal ones have more and central ones fewer. Only the middle 

 flower of an umbellule is hermaphrodite, all the others being male, with no styles 

 and merely a vestigial ovary, on which is a translucent annular disk, that secretes 

 nectar. Before the anthers dehisce, the filaments of all the flowers are curved 

 inwards, but they afterwards diverge, and their anthers open. The white petals are 

 deeply bilobed, and there is an inwardly directed appendage in the middle of the 

 incision. The petals of the inner flowers of the whole umbel, and of each umbellule, 

 are very small ; those of the marginal flowers (especially at the periphery of each 

 umbel) are larger and spreading. The two stigmas of a central flower have become 

 receptive before any of the stamens of the same umbellule have erected themselves : 

 the filaments of the male flowers diverge in centripetal order. The styles and stigmas 

 of an hermaphrodite flower persist till all the anthers of the same umbellule have 

 withered. This early development and long persistence of the stigmas undoubtedly 

 secure the crossing of the relatively few hermaphrodite flowers, in which automatic 

 self-pollination is excluded by the relative positions of the reproductive organs. It 



vould also be superfluous, as the flowers are visited by many insects. 



Visitors. Flies, hover-flies, bees, and several Lepidoptera (Lycaena, Zygaena, 

 and a micro-Lepidopterid) have been observed. 



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