546 ANGIOSPERMAEDICOTYLEDONES 



these, automatic self-pollination is possible. As in G. Mollugo, the withered stamens 

 hang out of the flower. 



A. Schulz, confirming the earlier observations of Axell, describes the flowers as 

 more or less distinctly protandrous, but he found them to be homogamous in the 

 Riesengebirge. In the last case automatic self-pollination is possible; later on, 

 however, this is prevented by an outward curving of the stamens, although in very 

 many flowers the stigmas are quite receptive at the time when the anthers are 

 dehiscing. Warnstorf (Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxvii, 1895) describes the flowers as 

 homogamous or protogynous (op. cit., xxxviii, 1896). 



Visitors. Herm. Miiller observed a hover-fly and a Lepidopterid in the Alps, 

 and the following in Westphalia and Thuringia. 



A. Coleoptera. (a) Cerambycidae: 1. Strangalia bifasciata MtilL, dvg. the 

 anthers. (b) Chrysomeltdae: 2. Luperus flavipes Z. (c) Dermestidae : 3. Anthrenus 

 claviger Er nect-lkg. {d) Mordellidae \ 4. Mordella aculeata L., in large numbers, 

 nect-lkg. B. Diptera. (a) Muscidae : 5. Ulidia erythrophthalma Mg. (Thuringia). 

 (b) Syrphidae: 6. Tropidia milesiformis Fall, nect-lkg. C. Hymenoptera. 

 (a) Apidae: 7. Prosopis brevicornis Nyl. J, skg. (b) Tenthredinidae : 8. Tarpa 

 cephalotes F., making erratic visits. D. Lepidoptera. Microleptdoptera: 9. A 

 small moth, skg. 



1250. G. palustre L. (Axell, ' Om Anord. for Fanerog. Vaxt. Befrukt.,* 

 p. 97; Kirchner, 'Flora v. Stuttgart/ p. 664.) Axell was the first to call attention 

 to the protandry of this species. According to Kirchner, there is the same possibility 

 of automatic self-pollination as in G. sylvaticum. 



Visitors. The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities 

 stated. 



Verhoeff (Norderney), the Empid Hilara quadrivittata Mg., and the Muscid 

 Sepsis cynipsea Z. MacLeod (Flanders), a hover-fly, a Siricid, an ichneumon fly, and 

 a beetle (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 488). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), 

 2 hover-flies and 2 Muscids (' Flora of Dumfriesshire,' p. 85). 



1251. G. uliginosum L. (Axell, ' Om Anord. for Fanerog. Vaxt. Befrukt.,' 

 p. 97 ; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 387 ; Kirchner, 'Flora 

 v. Stuttgart,' p. 665 ; Schulz, ' Beitrage,' I, p. 66.) Axell was the first to recognize 

 the protandry of this species. Kirchner says that the white flowers have the same 

 mechanism as those of G. Mollugo. In autumn, according to Schulz, flowers are 

 produced which do not open, but are fertilized cleistogamously. 



Lindman describes the plants of the Dovrefjeld as first protandrous, then 

 homogamous. The flowers possess an odour similar to that of G. verum ; at 

 first the pollen-covered anthers incline together above the middle of the flower, 

 while the stigma is still immature, though it becomes receptive before all the 

 pollen is shed. Even after the anthers have withered, they hang down loosely 

 from their filaments, which remain curved inwards. The style then grows to 

 such ah extent that the stigmas occupy the position previously taken up by the 

 anthers. Automatic self-pollination easily takes place during the homogamous 

 stage. 



1252. G. Aparine L. (MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, 

 p. 388 ; Kirchner, ' Flora v. Stuttgart/ p. 665 ; Knuth, ' Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen.) 



