VALERIANAE 551 



(H. M.); 20. E. tenax Z., skg. (H. M.); 21. Helophilus floreus Z., freq., skg. and 

 po-dvg. (H. M.); 22. H. pendulus Z., do. (H. M.) ; 23. Syritta pipiens Z., do. 

 (H. M.); 24. Volucella bombylans Z., do. (H. M.); 25. V. inanis Z., skg. (H. M.) ; 

 26. V. pellucens Z., skg. and po-dvg. (H. M.). (e) Tabanidae: 27. Tabanus luridus 

 (H. M.). C. Hemiptera. 28. Pentatoma sp., skg. (H. M.). D. Hymenoptera. 

 (a) Apidae: 29. Apis mellifica Z., g, freq. (H. M.); 30. Bombus pratorum Z. |jj, skg. 

 (H. M.); 31. Chelostoma nigricorne Nyl. <$, do. (Budd.); 32. Halictus malachurus 

 K. $> (Budd.); 33. Small sp. of Halictus $ and $, skg. (H. M.); 34. Sphecodes 

 gibbus Z., do. (Budd.). (b) Sphegidae: 35. Crabro vexillatus Pz. $ (H. M.). 

 E. Lepidoptera. 36. Epinephele hyperanthus Z., skg. (H. M.). 



The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. 



Herm. Muller (Alps), a beetle, 16 flies, 6 Hymenoptera, and 5 Lepidoptera 

 (' Alpenblumen,' p. 469). Loew, the Muscid Spilogaster angelicae Scop. (' Bliitenbiol. 

 Floristik,' p. 398). MacLeod (Flanders), 4 Syrphids, a Muscid, a Lepidopterid, and 

 a beetle (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, p. 392) ; (Pyrenees) a Lepidopterid, 

 3 Muscids, and 2 Syrphids (op. cit., iii, 1891, p. 346). Rossler (Wiesbaden), the 

 butterfly Limenitis Camilla S. V. Schenck (Nassau), the fossorial wasp Gorytes 

 mystaceus Z. Lindman (Dovrefjeld), several saw-flies and flies, a humble-bee, and 

 2 Nitidulids. Knuth (Kiel) ('Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen'). A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 

 1. Syrphus balteatus Deg., po-dvg. ; 2. Eristalis tenax Z., po-dvg. B. Lepidoptera. 

 Rhopalocera : 3. Pieris sp., skg.: (Rugen) Diptera. (a) Muscidae: 1. Aricia sp., 

 skg. (b) Stratiomyidae : 2. Odontomyia viridula F., freq., skg. (c) Syrphidae : 

 3. Eristalis pertinax Scop. 5, skg. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden), the hover-fly 

 Eristalis nemorum Z., skg., and the honey-bee, do. : and on the var. altissima Mchx. 

 the scarabaeid Cetonia aurata Z., dvg. the flowers, and 2 bees 1. Andrena 

 albicans Mull. 5, skg. and po-dvg. ; 2. Apis mellifica Z. , skg. 



1270. V. dioica L. Sprengel ('Entd. Geh.,' pp. 65-7), and subsequently 

 Hermann Muller ('Fertilisation,' p. 307), state that, the male flowers being consider- 

 ably larger than the female ones, the former are almost always visited first by insects, 

 so that crossing is effected. The corolla-tube of the male flower expands upwards 

 like a funnel, and is about 3 mm. long, while that of the female flower is only 1 mm. 

 in length : the nectar is consequently accessible even to the shortest-tongued insects. 

 Kerner says that the pseudo-hermaphrodite female flowers open 3-5 days earlier 

 than the pseudo-hermaphrodite male ones. According to Hermann Muller the 

 unisexual flowers are of different sizes, and the vestiges of the organs of the other 

 sex are variable. Some male flowers have a very large corolla, and no trace of 

 a pistil ; others, a somewhat smaller corolla, and a vestigial pistil. There are also 

 female flowers with large corolla and small pistil ; others with large pistil and very 

 small corolla. In rare cases hermaphrodite flowers also occur. 



Visitors. The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities 

 stated. 



Knuth (Kiel) the honey-bee, skg. Herm. Muller, ditto, and also the bee 

 Andrena albicans Mall. 5, 2 hover-flies (1. Eristalis arbustorum Z., skg.; 2. Rhingia 

 rostrata Z., po-dvg.), Tipula, a butterfly (Pieris napi Z., skg.), and the beetle Meli- 

 gethes in great numbers. MacLeod (Flanders), 2 Muscids (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, 

 Ghent, v, 1893, p. 392). 



1271. V. montana L. (Herm. Muller, ' Alpenblumen,' pp. 470-1 ; Schulz, 

 'Beitrage,' II, pp. 100, 101-2, 192.) This species is gynodioecious in the canton 

 Graubunden ; Schulz describes it as trimonoecious to trioecious in the Tyrol. Some 



