VALERIANAE 555 



-i mm. long and barely ^ mm. wide. It then suddenly expands to a diameter of 

 about f mm., and ends in a limb which is usually 5- or 6-lobed, and about 2 mm. 

 across. In the base of the expansion tiny drops of nectar are secreted. The 

 flowers are homogamous. Soon after they open the three stamens project straight 

 out of the corolla, their anthers being covered with pollen all over ; the simultaneously 

 matured stigma is at a lower level, and some pollen-grains that have fallen from the 

 anthers adhere to it. The style gradually elongates, bringing the stigma to the level 

 of the anthers. Automatic self-pollination is therefore inevitable, but crossing may 

 also take place as the result of insect-visits. 



Visitors. Herm. Muller (H. M.) and Buddeberg (Budd.) give the following 

 list 



A. Coleoptera. (a) Chrysomelidae : 1. Lema cyanella Z. (H. M.). (b) Ela- 

 tertdae: 2. Limonius cylindricus Payk. (H. M.). (c) Niiidulidae : 3. Meligethes, 

 very numerous, po-dvg. (H. M.). (d) Staphylinidae : 4. Philanthus sp. (H. M.). 

 B. Diptera. (a) Fmpidae: 5. Cyrtoma spuria Fall. (H. M.); 6. Empis pennipes 

 L., freq., skg. (H. M.) ; 7. E. trigramma Mg., in large numbers, skg. (H. M.) ; 

 8. Hilara sp., do. (H. M.). (b) Lonchopteridae : 9. Lonchoptera punctum Mg. 

 (H. M.). (c) Musadae: 10. Aricia incana Wiedem., freq., skg. (H. M.); 11. Lucilia 

 sp., freq. (H. M.); 12. Onesia sepulcralis Mg. (H. M.); 13. Pollenia vespillo F., 

 nect-lkg. (H. M.) ; 14. Psila fimetaria Z., skg. (H. M.); 15. Scatophaga stercoraria 

 Z., 5 and S, in large numbers, skg. (H. M.); 16. Sepsis sp. (H. M.); 17. Siphona 

 geniculata Deg., skg. (H. M.). (d) Syrphidae-. 18. Ascia podagrica F., very com- 

 mon, skg. and po-dvg. (H. M.) ; 19. Syritta pipiens Z., do. (H. M.). {e) Bibionidae : 

 20. Dilophus sp. (H. M.). (/) Mycelophilidae : 21. Sciara sp. (H. M.). C. 

 Hemiptera. 22. Eurydema oleraceum Z., skg. (H. M.). D. Hymenoptera. 

 Apidae: all skg. : 23. Andrena albicans Mull. 5 (Budd.); 24. A. collinsonana K. 

 (Budd.) ; 25. A., convexiuscula K. $ (Budd.); 26. A. gwynana K. <j> (Budd.) ; 27. A. 

 nitida Fourcr. 5 (Budd.) ; 28. A. parvula K. 5 (Budd.) ; 29. A. Smithella K. 5 

 (Budd.); 30. Halictus politus Schenck, 5 (Budd.) ; 31. Nomada ruficornis Z. (=N. 

 signata/tfr.) J (Budd.); 32. N. sp. (Budd.); 33. Sphecodes gibbus Z. S (Budd.). 

 E. Lepidoptera. (a) Noduidae : 34. Euclidia mi Z., casual, skg. (H. M.). (b) 

 Rhopalocera : 35. Polyommatus dorilis Hfn. (H. M.). 



The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. 



Knuth, the beetle Meligethes, and some flies (skg.) 1. Lucilia caesar Z. ; 2. 

 Syritta pipiens Z. ; 3. Syrphus ribesii Z. Alfken (Bremen), the humble-bee 

 Bombus muscorum F. 5, skg. Rossler (Wiesbaden), the Tineid moth Adela rufi- 

 frontella Tr. 



1285. V. auricula DC. (=V. rimosa Bast, and V. dentata Loisel). Kirchner 

 states that the flower mechanism of this species agrees essentially with that of 

 V. olitoria. Kerner describes the flowers as protogynous. Automatic self-pollination 

 is at first excluded by downward curving of the style at the time when the anthers 

 dehisce ; but this subsequently bends upwards, and autogamy is then possible. 



Visitors. Herm. Muller only saw the small bee Halictus longulus Sm., skg. 



1286. V. carinata Loisel. Kerner states that the flower mechanism of this 

 species is similar to that of V. auricula. 



1287. V. dentata Pollich (=V. Morisonii DC). Hermann Muller states the 

 mechanism of this species is similar to that of V. olitoria. Kerner describes 

 the flowers as protogynous. 



