558 



ANGIOSPERMAEDICOTYLEDONES 



408. Cephalaria Schrad. 



1293. C. alpina Schrad. 



Visitors. Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden) observed 2 humble-bees Bombus 

 hortorum Z. 5, skg., and B. terrester L. , skg. and po-cltg. 



1294. C. radiata Griseb. et Schenk. 



Visitors. Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden. 



A. Diptera. Syrphidae: 1. Eristalis nemorum Z. ; 2. E. tenax Z. ; 3. Syrphus 

 albostriatus Fall. ; 4. S. balteatus Deg. ; 5. S. ribesiiZ. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 

 6. Apis mellifica Z. , skg. and po-cltg. ; 7. Bombus hypnorum Z. 5, skg. ; 8. Halictus 

 cylindricus Z. J, do. 



1295. C. uralensis Roem et Schult. ( = C. corniculata Roem et Schull.). 



Visitors. Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden. 



A. Diptera. Syrphidae : 1. Syrphus ribesii Z. ; 2. Volucella pellucens Z., skg. 

 B. Hymenoptera. Apidae : 3. Bombus agrorum F. $, skg. ; 4. B. terrester Z. $, 

 do. ; 5. Psithyrus campestris Pz., var. rossiellus K. J, do. Also on the var. cretacea 

 3 bees 1. Bombus terrester Z. J, skg.; 2. Prosopis communis Nyl. $; 3. Psithyrus 

 rupestris F. J, skg. 



409. Knautia L. 



Flowers lilac or white in colour; arranged in conspicuous flat hemispherical 

 inflorescences, belonging to class S. Gynodioecious, with protandrous hermaphrodite 

 flowers. 



1296. K. arvensis Coult. (=Scabiosa arvensis Z., and Trichera arvensis 



Schrad!). (Sprengel, ' Entd. Geh.,' 

 p. 84 ; Herm. Miiller, ' Fertilisa- 

 tion,' pp. 309-13, 'Alpenblumen,' 

 p. 399, ' Weit. Beob.,' Ill, pp. 76-7 ; 

 Schulz, 'Beitrage,* II, pp. 173, 

 192; Knuth, ' Bl. u. Insekt. a. 

 d. nordfr. Ins.,' pp. 83-4, 156-7, 

 ' Weit. Beob. ii. Bl. u. Insekt a. d. 

 nordfr. Ins.,' p. 235, 'Blutenbiol. 

 Beob. in Thiiringen,' * Blutenbiol. 

 Beob. a. d. Ins. Rugen,' ' Bloem- 

 enbiol. Bijdragen,' and other 

 memoirs ; Loew, ' Blutenbiol. 

 Floristik,' pp. 390, 394, 398.) 

 In this species about fifty flowers 

 are aggregated into a head, the 

 conspicuousness of which is in- 

 creased, as Hermann Miiller 

 points out, by increase in size of the corollas towards the periphery. The corolla- 

 tubes are 4-9 mm. long, and expand above into funnels, to an extent proportional 

 to the size of the florets. Nectar is secreted on the upper surface of the ovary, and 

 protected from rain by the hairs lining the corolla-tube : it is readily accessible even 



Fig. 187 Knautia arvetuis, Coult. (after Herm. Mailer). 

 (1) Hermaphrodite flower in the first (male) stage, after removal 

 of the corolla-lobes ( X 3JX (2) Ditto, in the second (female) 



stage. (3) Female flower, after removal of the limb of the 

 corolla. a, stigma; b, stamens still enclosed in the flower; 

 c, ripe stamens ; d, exhausted stamens ; e, vestigial stamens. 



