COMPOSITAE 621 



According to Kerner, the common receptacle is at first only slightly curved, but 

 subsequently rises up so as to bring the stigmas of the outer tubular florets into th<- 

 line of fall of pollen from the inner ones, so that geitonogamy takes place. 



Visitors. Willis observed the following in the neighbourhood of the south 

 coast of Scotland (' Fls. and Insects in Gt. Britain,' Part I). 



A. Coleoptera. Curculionidae : 1. Anthonomus rubi Herbst., freq. B. 

 Diptera. (a) Bibionidat : 2. Scatopse brevicornis Mg., freq., skg. (b) Muscidae : 

 3. Anthomyia radicum Z., very common, skg. and po-dvg. ; 4. A. sp., po-dvg. ; 



5. Hydrellia griseola Fall., skg. and po-dvg. ; 6. Oscinis frit Z., freq., po-dvg. ; 



7. Drosophila graminum Fall., freq., skg. ; 8. Spilogaster communis Dsv., skg. ; 

 9. Themira minor Hal., freq., skg. (c) Mycetophilidae : 10. Sciara sp., freq.. skg. 

 (d) Syrphidae: 11. Ascia podagrica F., freq.. skg.; 12. Eristalis pertinax Scop., 

 skg.; 13. E. tenax Z., do.: 14. Sphaerophoria scripta Z., do. C. Hemiptera. 

 15. Calocoris bipunctatus F., freq. ; 16. C. fulvomaculatus Deg., do. D. Hymeno- 

 ptera. (a) Apidae: all skg. : 17. Bombus lapidarius Z. ; 18. Halictus cylindricus F. ; 

 19. H, rubicundus Chr.; 20. Prosopis brevicornis Nyl. ; 21. Sphecodes affinis Hag., 

 freq. (6) Vetpidae: 22. Odynerus pictus Curt., freq., skg. E. Lepidoptera. All 

 skg. : (a) MicroUpidopUra : 23. Choreutis myllerana F. ; 24. Simae'this fabricana 

 Steph. (b) Rhopalocera : 25. Polyommatus phlaeas Z., freq. 



The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. 



Herm. Mttfler, a Chrysidid (Hedychrum lucidulum F. $) and a Muscid (Ulidia 

 erythrophthalma Mg.\ Knuth (Schleswig-Holstein). A. Diptera. (a) Dolkho- 

 podidae: 1. Gymnopternus nobilitatus Z. (b) Muscidae: all skg.: 2. Lucilia 

 caesar Z. ; 3. L. cornicina Zl ; 4. Pollenia rudisZ*.; 5. Scatophaga merdariaZ. ; 



6. small Muscids. (^) Syrphidae : all skg. and po-dvg. ; 7. Eristalis arbustorum Z. ; 



8. E. sp. ; 9. E. tenax Z. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 10. Colletes daviesanus F., 

 skg. Also (Helgoland), 4 Muscids, all skg. (1. Coelopa frigida Fall. ; 2. Fucellia 

 fucorum Fall.; 3. Lucilia caesar Z. ; 4. Olivieria lateralis F.) (Bot Jaarb. Dodonaea. 

 Ghent, viii, 1896, p. 40). Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), numerous bees, flies, and 

 Lepidoptera ('Flora of Dumfriesshire,' p. 94). 



I investigated an interesting variety that occurs on the sea-shore at Kiel, 

 M. maritima Z. (as a species) (= Chrysanthemum maritimum Pers.). It is very 

 conspicuous owing to the numerous large heads that are borne on the diffusely 

 branched ascending stem. The plant exhales a faint odour of chamomile (intensified 

 by rubbing) which leads one to suppose that flies are the pollinating agents. The 

 white tongues of the 20-30 female ray-florets are (as in the type form) rather more 

 than 1 cm. long, and about 4 mm. broad at the end. These florets surround 

 several hundred tubular yellow disk-florets, presenting a surface over 1 cm. broad, 

 so that the total diameter of the head is about 3^ cm. The corolla of the disk- 

 florets is about 2 mm. in length, including a bell (scarcely 1 mm. long) containing 

 a little nectar. It is white in colour with yellow teeth. 



The small florets are male during the first stage of anthesis: pollen is then 

 pressed out of the tip of the anther-cylinder by upgrowth of the apposed stylar 

 branches, and covers the surface of the floret In the second (female) stage the 

 stylar branches diverge so as to place their receptive inner surfaces in the position 

 previously occupied by the pollen. It follows that insects creeping about on the 

 surface of the head touch either the pollen or the stigmatic papillae, and effect 

 the crossing of a large number of florets at one time. Should insect-visits fail. 



