COMPOSITAE 641 



1518. E. Ritro L. (Sprengel, 'Entd. Geh.,' pp. 384-5; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. 

 Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.) The heads of this beautiful species are 5-6 cm. in 

 diameter. The amethystine colour of those of the first order and the abundant 

 supply of nectar cause many insects to be attracted. The florets develop in 

 succession from the middle of the spherical heads downwards. The limb of the 

 corolla in the tubular florets is divided almost to its base into 5 slender, bright blue 

 lobes that spread out like a star above, while their white under-parts bulge outwards 

 to form an ovoid or spherical nectar reservoir. This is partly covered and protected 

 against rain by the hairy margins of the lobes. The blue tip of the style is densely 

 covered with small hairs adapted to hold for a considerable time the pollen pushed out 

 from the anther-cylinder, while the circlet of longer hairs immediately below the stylar 

 branches serves to remove it from the cylinder. The stigmatic surfaces on the inner 

 sides of the apposed stylar branches are quite undeveloped at this stage, and it is only 

 several days later when they have become receptive that the branches diverge. The 

 pollen has meanwhile been removed by insects or the wind, and the corolla-lobes 

 bend upwards and erect themselves. It follows that insects can only effect crossing, 

 transferring pollen from florets in the first (male) stage to others in the second 

 (female) stage. The pollen-grains are white in colour, with low spinose tubercles, 

 and of two kinds, rounded and about 56 fi in diameter, or ellipsoidal, and 88 //, long 

 and 50 ft broad. 



1519. E. bannaticus Rochel. 



Visitors. Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden. 



A. Diptera. Syrphtdae: 1. Syrphus albostriatus Fall. ; 2. S. cinctellus Zelt. ; 

 3. S. corollae F. B. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae : 4. Apis mellifica L. 5, skg. and 

 po-cltg. ; 5. Bombus terrester L. $, skg. (b) Sphegidae : 6. Philanthus triangulum 

 Fi. 



1520. E. exaltatus Schrad. 



Visitors. Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden. 



A. Coleoptera. Scarabaeidae : i.CetoniaaurataZ. B. Diptera. (a) Muscidae : 

 2. Chloria demandata F. (b) Syrphtdae : 3. Eristalis nemorum L. ; 4. Syrphus 

 balteatus Beg. ; 5. S. corollae F. ; 6. S. pyrastri L. C. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 

 7. Apis mellifica L. 5, skg. and po-cltg. ; 8. Bombus hypnorum L. *jj, skg. ; 9. B. 

 terrester L. and $1, skg. D. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 10. Colias rhamni 

 L., skg. 



466. Cirsium Adans. 



Florets all tubular, hermaphrodite or dioecious. Stylar branches remain almost 

 or entirely closed ; covered with small pointed sweeping-hairs externally, with a ring 

 of longer hairs at their base ; their margins beset with stigmatic papillae. 



1521. C. arvense Scop. (=Cnicus arvensis Hoffm.). (Herm. Miiller, 'Fer- 

 tilisation,' pp. 340-2, 'Weit. Beob.,' Ill, p. 81, ' Alpenblumen,' p. 422; Knuth, 

 Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' pp. 94-5, 160, 'Weit. Beob. u. Bl. u. Insekt. 

 :i. d. nordfr. Ins., p. 236, 'Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. Halligen,' ' Bloemenbiol. Bijdragen'; 

 Verhoeff, ' Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. Ins. Norderney ' ; MacLeod, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, 

 Ghent, v, 1893; Heinsius, op. cit., iv, 1892; Loew, ' Blutenbiol. Floristik,' 

 PP- 39> 394)- 



DAVIS. H X t 



