646 ANGIOSPERMAE DICOTYLEDON ES 



1522. C. lance olatum Hill. (=Cnicus lanceolatus Willd., and Carduus lanceo- 

 latus L.). (Herm. Miiller, 'Fertilisation,' p. 343, 'Weit. Beob.,' Ill, p. 82 ; Knuth, 

 ' Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' pp. 94, 169, ' Weit. Beob. ii. Bl.u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. 

 Ins./ p. 236; Heinsius, Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iv, 1892; MacLeod, op. cit., 

 iii, 1891, v, 1893; Loew, ' Bliitenbiol. Floristik,' p. 390; Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., 

 Berlin, xxxviii, 1896.) The florets of this species are bright purple in colour. 

 Hermann Miiller states that their mechanism is similar to that of C. arvense. 

 The nectar, however, is less accessible, for there is a bell 4-6 mm. deep at the 

 end of the corolla-tube of 16-18 mm., so that to reach the nectar in the base of the 

 latter a much longer proboscis is required. Warnstorf gives somewhat different 

 measurements : corolla-tube about 23 mm. long, and its limb, which possesses two 

 deep incisions and three shallower ones, 1 1 mm. ; the style with its branches projects 

 8 mm. beyond the retracted anther-cylinder, so that its total length is 42 mm. 

 The pollen-grains are white in colour, spherical or ellipsoidal, coarsely spinose, about 

 56 fx in diameter. The species is consequently chiefly adapted to the visits of 

 long-tongued bees. 



Visitors. Herm. Miiller (H. M.) and Buddeberg (Budd.) give the following list 

 of visitors for Westphalia and Nassau. 



A. Diptera. (a) Conopidae: 1. Physocephala rufipes F., skg. (H. M.). 

 (5) Syrphidae: 2. Eristalis arbustorum Z., very common, po-dvg. and skg. (H. M.); 

 3. E. nemorum Z., do. (H. M.) ; 4. E. tenax Z., do. (H. M.). B. Hymenoptera. 

 (a) Apidae : 5. Apis mellifica Z. $f, freq., skg. (H. M.) ; 6. Bombus agrorum F. 

 \ and S, do. (H. M.) ; 7. B. lapidarius Z. 5 and J, do. (H. M.) ; 8. B. terrester Z. 

 $ and $, do. (H. M.); 9. Halictus cylindricus F. $ po-cltg., $ vainly trying to suck 

 (Budd.); 10. H. maculatus Sm. 5, po-cltg. (Budd.); 11. H. malachurus K. 5, do. 

 (Budd.); 12. H. tetrazonius Klg. $, do. (Budd.) ; 13. H. zonulus Sm. J, vainly trying 

 to suck (Budd.); 14. Megachile maritima K. 5, po-cltg. (H. M.); 15. Psithyrus 

 campestris Pz. $, skg. (H. M.) ; 16. Stelis aterrima Pz. 5, skg. (Budd.). (3) Vespidae : 

 17. Polistes gallica Z., freq., skg.(?) (H. M.) ; 18. P. diadema Ltr., do. (H. M.). 

 C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 19. Hesperia sp., skg. (H. M.); 20. Pieris brassicae 

 Z., freq., skg. (H. M.); 21. P. napi Z., skg. (Budd.). 



The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities stated. 



Loew (Mecklenburg), the bee Megachile lagopoda Z., po-cltg. (' Beitrage,' p. 40). 

 Knuth (Schleswig-Holstein). A. Diptera. (a) Muscidae: all po-dvg. : 1. Lucilia 

 caesarZ. (b) Syrphidae : 2. Eristalis arbustorum Z. ; 3. E. nemorum Z. ; 4. E. tenax Z. 

 B. Hymenoptera. Apidae : all po-cltg. and skg. : 5. Apis mellifica Z. ; 6. Bombus 

 cognatus Steph. 5; 7. B. lapidarius Z. ; 8. B. terrester Z. C. Lepidoptera. 

 Rhopalocera : 9. Pieris brassicae Z., skg. : (Helgoland) (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, 

 Ghent, viii, 1896, p. 40). A. Coleoptera. Telephoridae: 1. Psilothrix cyanea 01. 

 B. Diptera. Muscidae : 2. Coelopa frigida Fall., po-dvg. ; 3. Scatophaga sterco- 

 raria Z., do. C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera : 4. Pieris brassicae Z., skg. D. 

 Orthoptera. 5. Forficula auricularia^Z., dvg. the florets. Alfken (Juist), a bee 

 (Bombus hortorum Z. 5, freq.), a Sphegid (Ammophila sabulosa Z.), a butterfly 

 (Pieris brassicae Z.), and a moth (Plusia gamma Z.): (Bremen), 6 bees 1. Bombus 

 agrorum F. $; 2. B. hortorum Z. 5; 3. B. sylvarum Z. 5; 4- B. terrester Z. &; 

 5. Megachile centuncularis Z. 5 and J; 6. Psithyrus rupestris F. $, skg. Herm. 

 Miiller (Alps), a beetle, 7 bees, and 8 Lepidoptera (' Alpenblumen,' pp. 425-6). 

 Schenck (Nassau), the parasitic bee Coelioxys conoidea 77/. MacLeod (Pyrenees), 

 3 long-tongued bees (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 1891, p. 349): (Flanders), 

 Apis, 9 humble-bees, 3 hover-flies, and a Lepidopterid (op. cit., v. 1893, P- 44)- 



