648 ANGIOSPERMAEDICOTYLEDONES 



by von Dalla Torre) ; 2. M. pacifica Pz. ; 3. Psithyrus quadricolor Lep. Heinsius 

 (Holland). A. Diptera. (a) Empidae: 1. Empis livida Z. 5. (&) Syrphidae: 2. 

 Volucella bombylans L. $. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae : 3. Bombus agrorum F. $ ; 

 4. B. scrimshiranus K. 5. C. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera : 5. Vanessa urticae Z. 

 H. de Vries (Netherlands), the bees Bombus agrorum F. $ and Apis mellifica Z. g 

 (Ned.. Kruidk. Arch., Nijmegen, 2. Ser., 2. Deel, 1875). MacLeod (Flanders), 

 1 3 long-tongued bees, 4 short-tongued bees, a fossorial wasp, 8 hover-flies, 2 Empids, 

 and 7 Lepidoptera (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, v, 1893, pp. 404-5). Scott-Elliot 

 (Dumfriesshire), 2 humble-bees, a true wasp, and a hover-fly (' Flora of Dumfriesshire,' 

 p. 100). 



1524. C. eriophorum Scop. (=Cnicus eriophorus Roth, and Carduus eriophorus 

 Z.). MacLeod says that the nectar is very deeply concealed in the purple florets of 

 this species (' Pyrenee'nbl.,' pp. 349-50). The tube of the corolla is 20 mm. long, 

 and the bell 9 mm., with 5 lobes 4.5 in length. One of the five incisions between the 

 lobes is about 2 mm. deeper than the other four, enabling a humble-bee to thrust its 

 head for 1-2 mm. into the bell, and to reach the base of this if its proboscis is 

 7-8 mm. long. The deeply concealed nectar is only accessible to long-tongued bees 

 and Lepidoptera. 



Visitors. The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localities 

 stated. 



MacLeod (Pyrenees), only humble-bees (6 species). Herm. Miiller (Thuringia), 

 the long-tongued bee Megachile lagopoda Z. $ po-cltg. and skg., $ skg.); (Alps), 

 2 humble-bees and 2 Lepidoptera (' Alpenblumen,' p. 425). Schiner (Austria), 

 2 Muscids 1. Trypeta acuticornis Loezv; 2. Urophora eriolepidis Loew, very freq. 



1525. C. heterophyllum Hill (=Cnicus heterophyllus Roth, and Cardui 

 heterophyllus Z.). (Herm. Miiller, 'Alpenblumen,' pp. 424-5.) In each hea 

 of this species there are 200-300 florets with red bells 8 mm. long. During ti 

 first stage of anthesis pollen is swept out of the anther-cylinder ; during the secoi 

 the stylar branches diverge a little at the end, and the papillose edges of their inn 

 surfaces swell up to some extent. Failing insect-visits, automatic self-pollination 

 possible, for the stigmatic margins of the stylar branches project till they touch tr 

 pollen that remains clinging to the sweeping-hairs. 



Visitors. The following were recorded by the observers, and for the localitic 

 stated. 



Herm. Miiller, the humble-bee Bombus mesomelas Gerst., skg. and po-clt 

 Scott-Elliot (Dumfriesshire), 2 humble-bees and a hover-fly (' Flora of Dumfriesshire.' 

 p. 1 01). Schneider (Arctic Norway), chiefly the humble-bee Bombus agrorum 

 (Tromse Mus. Aarsh., 1894). Loew (Berlin Botanic Garden). A. Coleopter 

 Telephoridae : 1. Dasytes flavipes F., freq. B. Hymenoptera. Apidae: 2. Api: 

 mellifica Z. g, skg. ; 3. Bombus hortorum Z. 5, persistently skg. ; 4. Osmia fulviventris 

 Pz. 5, po-cltg. 



1526. C. acaule Wigg. ( = Cnicus acaulis Willd., and Carduus acaulis Z. 

 (Warnstorf, Verh. bot. Ver., Berlin, xxxviii, 1896, pp. 38-9.) Warnstorf descrit 

 the flower mechanism of this species for Neu-Ruppin, where the purple-red flore 

 are always hermaphrodite. The tube of the corolla is 20-22 mm. long, and its limt 

 as much as 1 5 mm. The latter is cleft by 3 incisions about 5-6 mm. deep, and 2 

 about 10 mm., into 5 slender erect lobes, forming a sort of cap to the floret. Tl 

 anther-cylinder possesses basal hair-like appendages, and when pollen is pressed 01 



