COMPOSITAE 651 



3 Syrphidae. Loew noticed the butterfly Pieris brassicae Z., skg., in the Berlin 

 Botanic Garden. 



1535- C. glabrum DC. (=Cnicus spinosissimus Z. (?)). The heads of this 

 species are yellowish-white in colour. 



Visitors. MacLeod (Pyrenees) saw the humble-bee Bombus hortorum Z. 5 

 (Bot. Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iii, 189 1, p. 352). 



1536. C. serrulatum Bieb. (=Cnicus serrulatus Bieb). 



Visitors. Loew observed the following in the Berlin Botanic Garden. 



A. Hymenoptera. (a) Apidae : 1 . Psithyrus rupestris F. J, skg. (b) Sphegidae : 

 2. Ammophila sabulosa Z. B. Lepidoptera. Rhopalocera: 3. Rhodocera rhamni 

 Z., skg.; 4. Pieris brassicae Z., do.: and on the var. ucranicum Bess., 2 bees 

 (Psithyrus campestris Pz. J, skg. ; and P. vestalis Fourcr. J). 



467. Kentrophyllum Neck. 

 1537- K- lanatum DC. et Duby (=Carthamus lanatus Z.). 

 Visitors. Schletterer observed the rare bee Halictus quadrinotatus K. 



468. Silybum Vaill. 



Stylar branches covered externally by short sweeping-hairs, a ring of longer, 

 usually somewhat oblique ones, at their base. They diverge only at the tip, during 

 the second stage of anthesis. 



1538. S. Marianum Gaertn. ( = Carduus Marianus Z.). (Sprengel, ' Entd. Geh.,' 

 pp. 371-2.) The florets of this species are purple-red in colour. Hildebrand states 

 that the pollen-grains are sometimes imperfect in heads that mature early (U. d. 

 Geschlechtsverhalt. b. d. Compositen,' pp. 60-2). 



Visitors. Buddeberg saw the following bees in Nassau (Herm. Muller, ' Weit. 

 Bebb./ Ill, p. 81). 



1. Chelostoma nigricorne Nyl. t>, skg.; 2. Halictus sexcinctus F. 5, skg. and 

 po-cltg. ; 3. H. tetrazonius Klg. $>, skg. ; 4. Megachile fasciata Sm. J, skg. ; 

 5. Osmia adunca Panz. t, do. ; 6. O. fulviventris Pz. $>, do. ; 7. Stelis phaeoptera 

 K. S, do. 



469. Carduus L. 



Florets tubular and hermaphrodite. Stylar branches diverge only at the tip; 

 externally a ring of sweeping-hairs at their base ; margins of inner surfaces (which 

 appear at a later stage) beset with stigmatic papillae. 



1539. C. crispus L. (Herm. Muller, 'Fertilisation,' pp. 338-9, 'Weit. Beob.,' 

 Ill, p. 83; Knuth, 'Bl. u. Insekt. a. d. nordfr. Ins.,' pp. 95, 161 ; Heinsius, Bot. 

 Jaarb. Dodonaea, Ghent, iv, 1892 ; Loew, 'Blutenbiol. Floristik,' p. 395.) Hermann 

 Muller says that in this species 35-80 bright purple florets are aggregated into a head 

 which is scarcely 10 mm. in diameter below, but they curve outwards in such a way 

 that a red surface 25-30 mm. across is presented above. The corolla of each floret 

 expands into a ventricose bell, 2^-3 mm. long, with linear slightly diverging lobes 

 4-5^ mm. in length. The flower mechanism agrees in other respects with that 

 of the hermaphrodite florets of Cirsium arvense, but, owing to the depth of the 



